Physiology

Question 1

Shrinking Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 1

The recovery of long-term memories following a TBI, in which distant memories are returned first.

Question 2

What’s the difference between rods and cones in vision?

Answer 2

Cones- bright light, visual acuity and perception of color.

Rods- peripheral vision and vision in dim light.

Question 3

What regions of the brain differ in size in children with comormid ADHD and Tourette’s DX from children with only Tourette’s Disorder and why?

Answer 3

Basel ganglia is the affected area that plays a role in motor learning, executive function, behaviors and emotions. Children with Tourette’s don’t all necessarily struggle with learning, impulse control and emotion regulation problems as those who have ADHD.

Question 4

Diagnostic Criteria for Lewy bodies

Answer 4

1. Fluctuating cognition that involves changes in attention and alertness
2. Recurrent visual hallucinations
3. Spontaneous Parkinsonism

Question 5

Diagnostic Criteria for Frontotemporal Neurocognitive Disorder

Answer 5

1. Perseverative, stereotyped, compulsive/ritualistic behavior (often put things in mouth and eating objects)
2. Loss of judgment and social inhibition
3. Lack of interest, apathy
4. Changes in eating habits (sweets and carbohydrates)

Question 6

List 3 regions of the prefrontal cortex and describe symptoms if these areas are damaged.

Answer 6

Ventromedial- poor decision-making, lack of empathy, blunted emotional responses, confabulation (He’s VACANT, a shell.)

Dorsolateral- deficits in working memory, impaired judgment and insight, poor planning ability (He’s a DUMMY.)

Orbitofrontal- Impulsivity, aggression and antisocial Bx, inhibition, emotional lability. (He’s an #%^*)

Question 7

List and defined the four dopaminergic pathways in the brain.

Answer 7

Mesolimbic – reward circuit that controls emotions, responsible for reward-seeking behaviors.

Mesocortical – involved in executive cognitive functions

Tuberoinfundibular– hormone regulation

Nigrostriatal- production of movement

Question 8

Describe the James-Lang theory of emotion

Answer 8

First you perceive a stimulus, we respond to the stimulus with arousal and behavior, then we experience emotion as we become aware of our bodily reactions. It instead of thinking “we run because we’re afraid.” this theory says “we’re afraid because we run.”

Question 9

What is “Anosognosia”

Answer 9

Caused by damage to the right parietal lobe, and his characterized by a lack of awareness of one’s own physical disability.

Question 10

What anti-convulsant drug is prescribed often for those with bipolar disorder of not responded to lithium or cannot tolerate side effects?

Answer 10

Carbamazepine

Question 11

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

Question 12

Orbitofrontal Prefrontal Cortex

Question 13

Anterior Mid-cingulate Cortex

Question 14

What brain structure when damaged affects behaviors that look similar to alcohol intoxication, some of those being clumsiness and slurred speach.

Answer 14

Cerebellum

Question 15

How is each hemisphere involved in emotion regulation and if one were damaged how would it present itself?

Answer 15

Left hemisphere processes, positive emotions can produce depression, emotional volatility, a.k.a. Catastrophic reaction

Right Hemisphere processes negative emotions and damage can cause inappropriate indifference and euphoria

Question 16

What’s the main distinction between primary and secondary hypertension?

Answer 16

When the cause of elevated blood pressure is or is NOT known. Primary hypertension, the cause is unknown.

Question 17

What is the patient HM surgery known for?

Answer 17

HM (Henry Molaison) had surgery to treat severe epilepsy which involved the removal of his medial temporal lobes and in result developed an inability to form new, long-term declarative memories.

Question 18

What is the first line drug for GAD?

Answer 18

SSRIs and SNRIs are first-line drugs. However, when symptoms do not respond to these, the next drug of choice is buspirone and then next benzodiazepines.

Question 19

What is risperidone used for?

Answer 19

To treat schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or irritability associated with autistic disorder.

Question 20

What is valproic acid used for?

Answer 20

Epilepsy treatment across different seizure types, bipolar disorder management, and migraine prophylaxis.

Question 21

What is propanolol used for?

Answer 21

High blood pressure, irregular, heartbeats, shaking tremors, and other conditions. It is also used to prevent heart pain and can be useful to help manage performance anxiety.

Question 22

Lazarus’s Cognitive appraisal theory of emotion

Answer 22

They distinguishes between three types of appraisal:

primary- interpretation of stressors

secondary- analysis of resources

reappraisal- overcoming of stress/coping

Question 23

Symptoms caused by a stroke that involve the middle cerebral artery in the dominant hemisphere.

Answer 23

-Contralateral hemapheresis, -contralateral homonymous hemianopia
-dysarthria
-aphasia.

Question 24

Symptoms caused this stroke that involve the middle cerebral artery and the non-dominant hemisphere

Answer 24

• Contralateral hemiparesis
• contralateral homonomous heminopia
• apraxia
• sensory neglect

Question 25

Symptoms caused by a stroke involving the anterior cerebral artery

Answer 25

Contralateral hemiparesis
mutism
apathy
confusion
impaired judgment

Question 26

Symptoms caused by a stroke involving the posterior cerebral artery

Answer 26

Contralateral, homonymous hemianopia
Unilateral cortical blindness
visual agnosia
memory loss

Question 27

What are the four Gerstmann’s syndrome symptoms?

Answer 27

• Finger agnosia
• left-right confusion
• agraphia
• acalculia.

Question 28

Area of the brain associated with involuntary, jerky, movements, characteristic of Huntington’s disease.

Answer 28

basal ganglia and Globus pallidus

Question 29

What Neurodegenerative disorders is chronic glutamate toxicity linked too?

Answer 29

Seizures, stroke-related brain damage, and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Question 30

Which part of the brain did Kluver and Bucky PC lesion and the rhesus monkeys? We now call it Kluver-Bucy syndrome. And what are behavioral characteristics of Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

Answer 30

Amygdala, hippocampus and temporal lobes.

Behaviors are:
-visual agnosia
-reduced fear
-increased docility
-dietary changes
-abnormal sexual behavior

“Rhesus Monkeys are very interesting dare-devils.”

Question 31

What is the purpose circuit and what parts of the brain does it include?

Answer 31

It’s believed to control memory and emotions and is composed of the:

cingulate cortex
entorhinal cortex
parahippocampal gyrus
hippocampus
hypothalamus
thalamus.

Question 32

Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion

Answer 32

AKA “Two-factors theory of emotions”, emotions are the consequence of (1) physiological arousal plus the (2) cognitive interpretation of that arousal.”

Question 33

What stage of sleep do dreams occur and describe the qualities of the drink experience.

Answer 33

Dreams occurred during REM and non-REM sleep, but they occur more often during REM sleep. Dreams that occurred during REM sleep are longer, more bizarre and emotional, and are more likely to be recalled.

Question 34

What are the symptoms of a simple and complex seizure? And what are their similarities and differences?

Answer 34

Similarities- Both Simple and complex seizures are a type of partial seizure, and involves only one side of the brain and body.

Differences- Simple seizures do not cause a loss of consciousness while complex seizures do.

Question 35

What is a myoclonic seizure and what are the symptoms?

Answer 35

Is a type of epilepsy that are minor and brief seizures that cause brief, sharp, uncontrollable muscle jerks where you loose no level of consciousness.

Question 36

What is another word for partial seizures?

Answer 36

Focal seizures.

Question 37

What is the difference between myoclonic seizures and simple focal seizures?

Answer 37

Myoclonic seizures occur in the brain stem so can effect random areas of the body where as simple focal seizures only affect one side of the body.

Question 38

Damage to the arcuate fasciculus can cause what?

Answer 38

Conduction aphasia, which is characterized by fluent spontaneous speech, normal comprehension, and impaired repetition.

Question 39

In regards to sensation and perception, what is the opponent process theory?

Answer 39

Proposes that there are three types of bipolar receptor cells in the visual system – red/green, yellow/blue, and white/black. It explains why staring at a red image for a long time and then looking at a white image that the after image shows up as green.