Physiology Test 2 Set C Flashcards

(57 cards)

1
Q

the plasma membrane of a single muscle cell

A

sarcolemma

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2
Q

muscle cells are created by

A

myoblasts

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3
Q

single muscle fibers contain many

A

myofibrils

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4
Q

act as stem cells which can develop into myoblasts

A

satellite cells

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5
Q

invagination into the muscle cells that allows depolarizing current to reach interior of the cell

A

T-tubules

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6
Q

functional unit of the muscle

A

sarcomere

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7
Q

repeating pattern of crosswise light and dark stripes

A

myofibrils

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8
Q

light region with a dark Z line at its center

A

I band

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9
Q

darker region separating 2 I bands

A

A band

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10
Q

the position where the thin filaments of one sarcomere join onto those of the neighboring sarcomere

A

Z line

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11
Q

thick filaments consist of a long fibrous tail connected to a globular head

A

myosin

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12
Q

thin filaments made of a long string of these molecules contain a myosin binding site

A

actin

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13
Q

two types of thin filaments

A

troponin and tropomyosin

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14
Q

represents the middle of the sarcomere

A

M line

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15
Q

neither thick nor the thin filaments change in length during a contraction, shortening occurs because filaments slide with respect to each other

A

sliding filament theory

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16
Q

elastic properties, span distance between M and Z line

A

titin

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17
Q

not elastic, associated with thin filaments and stability

A

nebulin

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18
Q

what forms the actin filaments

A

g-actin

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19
Q

moving actin closer to M line

A

Power stroke

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20
Q

if no ATP is present, actin, and myosin get stuck together and a rigid muscle results

A

rigor mortis

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21
Q

the signal that initiates the contraction

A

the binding of calcium to troponin

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22
Q

the source of calcium in muscle cells

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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23
Q

calcium channels on the SR

A

ryanodine receptors

24
Q

two components of muscle contraction

A

contractile components

elastic components

25
contraction in which the length does not change but the tension does
isometric contraction
26
contraction where the length changes but the tension stays the same
isotonic contraction
27
a muscle exerts a force on a
load
28
the force of the muscle is opposed by the
force of the load
29
the force exerted by a muscle on a load is called
tension
30
successive twitches produced within a brief period of time add to each other
summation
31
smoothly fused contraction caused by high frequency stimulation
tetanus
32
ATP performs at least three functions in the contraction-relaxation cycle
1. binding to cross-bridge for detachment of myosin from actin 2. ATP hydrolysis activates the myosin cross-bridge for binding to actin 3. ATP hydrolysis activates the calcium pump to transport calcium back into the SR
33
molecule that is temporarily going to hold high energy phosphate
creatine phosphate
34
used to make phosphate and can make it very rapidly
phosphagen
35
creates 2ATP per cycle
glycolysis
36
32 ATP are created per cycle
oxidative phosphorylation
37
short term responses to needing ATP
anaerobic/phosphagen
38
important in movement
twitch fibers
39
important in posture
tonic fibers
40
types of twitch fibers
slow oxidative fast oxidative fast glycolytic
41
high in mitochondria and myoglobin
slow oxidative
42
store glucose for use in short period of time
fast glycolytic
43
each muscle can be innervated with how many motor neurons
100 to 1000
44
characteristics of smooth muscle
``` small spindle shaped, uninucleated rudimentary SR no T tubule system contain myosin, actin and tropomyosin not arranged as a sarcomere slow ATPase activity ```
45
activation of vertebrate smooth muscle
neurotransmitters from ANS, hormones, or stretch
46
single unit smooth muscle has three characteristics
tight coupling by gap junctions contract together stretch sensitive
47
multiunit smooth muscle has four characteristics
few or no gap junctions cell function independently innervated by the ANS not stretch sensitive
48
calcium for smooth muscle contraction comes from
SR and ECF
49
phosphorylates myosin light chains promoting repeated cross-bridge cycling
myosin light chain kinase
50
dephosphorylates the light chains after removal of calcium from cytoplasm occurs which relaxes muscle
myosin light chain phosphatase
51
remaining the contractile tone | muscles associated with airways, sphincter muscles
tonic smooth muscle
52
rhythmic activity which is regular, continuous | associated with rapid spontaneous contractions/actions
phasic smooth muscle
53
What does calcium bind do in smooth muscle contraction
camodulin
54
receptor is an ion channel | fast change in membrane potential
ionotropic
55
series of intracellular signaling events happen afterwards | slow change in membrane potential
metabotropic
56
vertebrate cardiac muscle is connected by these which contain electrical gap junctions and mechanical connections called desmosomes
intercalated discs
57
characteristics of cardiac muscle
uninucleated, branched and striated has sarcomeres long action potentials