pysiology Test 1 set A

Question 1

the study of animal function

Answer 1

animal physiology

Question 2

components of actual, living animals and the interactions among those components that enable the animals to perform as they do

Answer 2

mechanism

Question 3

the increase in the frequency of genes that produce phenotypes that raise the likelihood that animals will survive and reproduce

Answer 3

natural selection

Question 4

a physiological mechanism or other trait that is a product of evolution by natural selection

Answer 4

adaption

Question 5

the reason why the trait is an asset that is the reason why natural selection favors the evolution of that trait

Answer 5

adaptive significance

Question 6

emphasizes the study of mechanisms

Answer 6

mechanistic physiology

Question 7

emphasizes the study of evolutionary origins

Answer 7

evolutionary physiology

Question 8

the synthetic study of the function of all animals

Answer 8

comparative physiology

Question 9

the study of how animals respond physiologically to environment al conditions and challenges,

Answer 9

environmental physiology

Question 10

investigation with a deliberate emphasis on synthesis across levels of biological organization such as research that probes the relations between molecular and anatomical features of organs

Answer 10

integrative physiology

Question 11

the set of conditions , temperature, pH, sodium concentration and so forth experienced by cells within an animals body

Answer 11

internal environment

Question 12

conditions outside the body

Answer 12

external environment

Question 13

an animal that permits internal and external conditions to be equal

Answer 13

conformity

Question 14

animal that maintains internal constancy in the face of external variability

Answer 14

regulation

Question 15

the coordinated physiological processes which maintain most of the constant states in the organims

Answer 15

homeostasis

Question 16

responses exhibited during the first minutes or hours after an environmental change

Answer 16

acute responses

Question 17

expressed following prolonged exposure to new environmental conditions

Answer 17

chronic responses

Question 18

involving changes in the genotypes

Answer 18

evolutionary responses

Question 19

a chronic response to a changed environment if the new environment differs from the preceding environment in just a few highly defined ways

Answer 19

acclimation

Question 20

a chronic response of individuals to a changed environment when the new and old environments are different natural environments that can differ in numerous ways, such as winter and summer, or low and high altitudes

Answer 20

acclimatization

Question 21

the ability of an individual animal to express two or more genetically controlled phenotypes

Answer 21

phenotypic plasticity

Question 22

the progression of life stages from conception to senescence in an individual

Answer 22

development

Question 23

different genes are internally programmed to be expressed at different stages of development

Answer 23

developmental changes in an animal’s phenotype

Question 24

mechanisms that give organisms an internal capability to keep track of the passage of time

Answer 24

biological clocks

Question 25

these sort of biological clocks emit signals that cause cells and organs to undergo internally programmed, repeating cycles in their physiological states

Answer 25

periodic, clock controlled changes in an animal's phenotype

Question 26

the study of the ways In which animals vary in body size

Answer 26

scaling

Question 27

all the chemical, physical and biotic components of an organism's surroundings

Answer 27

environment

Question 28

the measure of the intensity of the random motions that the atoms and molecules in the material undergo

Answer 28

temperature

Question 29

places within an environment that potentially differ from the environment at large in their physical or chemical conditions

Answer 29

microenvironments

Question 30

a set of climatic conditions prevailing in a subset of a system

Answer 30

microclimates

Question 31

a change of gene frequencies over time in a population of organisms

Answer 31

evolution

Question 32

because of chance, an allele that provides a lower probability of survival and reproduction than an available alternative comes to be the predominant allele in the population

Answer 32

nonadaptive evolution

Question 33

processes in which chance assumes the preeminent role in altering gene frequencies

Answer 33

genetic drift

Question 34

the control by an allele of a single gene of two or more distinct and seemingly unrelated traits

Answer 34

pleiotropy

Question 35

seeks to identify adaptive traits by comparing how a particular function is carried out by related and unrelated species in similar and dissimilar environments

Answer 35

the comparative method

Question 36

a progressive change in allele frequencies or gene-controlled phenotype frequencies along an environmental gradient

Answer 36

clines

Question 37

animals tissues are warmed by its metabolic production of heat

Answer 37

endothermy

Question 38

maintenance of a relatively constant tissue temperature

Answer 38

thermoregulation

Question 39

thermal conditions outside their body determine their body temperature

Answer 39

ectotherms

Question 40

an animal that has variable body temperatures

Answer 40

poikilotherm

Question 41

an animal that regulates temperature by physiological means rather than just by behavioral

Answer 41

homeotherm

Question 42

a difference in thermal relations from one time to another or one body region to another within a single individual

Answer 42

heterothermy

Question 43

a measure of the speed or intensity of the incessant random motions

Answer 43

temperature

Question 44

a form of energy, depending on the number of atoms and molecules in the piece as well as the speed of each atom and molecule

Answer 44

heat

Question 45

temperature of the environment

Answer 45

ambient temperature

Question 46

the transfer of heat through a material substance that is macroscopically motionless

Answer 46

conduction

Question 47

the transfer of heat through a material substance by means of macroscopic motion of the substance

Answer 47

convection

Question 48

the amount of heat required to vaporize water

Answer 48

latent heat of vaporization

Question 49

occurs by means of beams of radient energy that all objects emit and that travel between objects at the speed of light

Answer 49

thermal radiation heat transfer

Question 50

if a poikilotherm behaviorally maintains a relatively constant body temperature

Answer 50

behavioral thermoregulation

Question 51

poikilotherms that can function over a wide range of body temperatures

Answer 51

eurythermal

Question 52

poikilotherms that can only function in a narrow range of body temperatures

Answer 52

stenothermal

Question 53

a measure of how readily the phospholipid molecules in a membrane move

Answer 53

membrane fluidity

Question 54

a maintenance of a relatively constant membrane fluidity of tissue temperature

Answer 54

homeoviscous adaptation

Question 55

when aqueous solutions are progressively cooling, they commonly remain unfrozen even when their temperatures have fallen below their freezing points

Answer 55

supercooling

Question 56

if the temperature of a supercooled solution is gradually lowered while the solution is not otherwise perturbed, a temperature is reached at which the likelihood of freezing becomes so great that the solution spontaneously freezes within a short time

Answer 56

supercooling point

Question 57

the temperature above which a solution cannot freeze and below which it deterministically freezes in the presence of preexisting ice

Answer 57

freezing point

Question 58

the lowest temperature at which melting occurs

Answer 58

melting point

Question 59

the regulation of body temperature by physiological means, gives mammals and birds a great deal more independence from external thermal condition that is observed in lizards, frogs, or other poikilotherms

Answer 59

homeothermy

Question 60

an animals resting metabolic rate is independent of ambient temperature and constant

Answer 60

thermoneutral zone

Question 61

the lowest ambient temperature in the TNZ zone

Answer 61

lower-critical value

Question 62

the highest ambient temperature in the TNZ zone

Answer 62

upper-critical value

Question 63

animals metabolic rate when resting and fasting in its thermoneutral zone

Answer 63

basal metabolic rate

Question 64

a measure of how readily heat can move by dry heat transfer from an animals body to its environment

Answer 64

thermal conductance

Question 65

the heat transfer that does not involve the evaporation or condensation of water

Answer 65

dry heat transfer

Question 66

resistance to dry heat loss

Answer 66

insulation

Question 67

most mammals and birds actively increase the rate at which water evaporates from certain body surfaces

Answer 67

active evaporative cooling

Question 68

some mammals and most birds allow their body temperatures to rise to unusually high levels

Answer 68

hyperthermia

Question 69

responses termed this when the hair on mammals rises and falls to regulate body temperature

Answer 69

pilomotor responses

Question 70

responses termed this when the feathers on mammals rise and fall to regulate body temperature

Answer 70

ptilomotor responses

Question 71

responses that alter the rate of blood flow to the skin surface an other superficial parts of the body

Answer 71

vasomotor responses

Question 72

alter the amount of body surface area directly exposed to ambient conditions

Answer 72

postural responses

Question 73

mammals and birds have evolved mechanisms specialized to generate heat for thermoregulation

Answer 73

thermogenic mechanisms

Question 74

unsynchronized contraction and relaxation of skeletal-muscle motor units in high-frequency rhythms mediated by motor neurons of the somatic nervous system

Answer 74

shivering

Question 75

when a placental mammal doesn't have to shiver to keep warm in low ambient temperatures

Answer 75

nonshivering thermogenesis (NST)

Question 76

occurs in discrete masses, located in such parts of the body as the intercapular region, neck, axillae, and abdomen

Answer 76

brown adipose tissue

Question 77

BAT contains this distinctive proton-transport protein in the inner membrane of its mitochondria that allows for uncoupling to take place

Answer 77

uncoupling protein 1 (UPC1- thermogenin)

Question 78

heat exchange depending on the transfer of heat between two closely juxtaposed fluid streams flowing in opposite directions

Answer 78

counter current heat exchange

Question 79

complex network of blood vessels created when major arteries and veins split off into many small intermingling vessels

Answer 79

rete mirable