Pituitary

Question 1

Which side of the pituitary contains the portal venous system?

Answer 1

Anterior pituitary

Question 2

What is the gland axis from the hypothalamus to the peripheral tissues?

Answer 2

Hypothalamus -> Either GHRH (+) or Somatostatin (-) ->
Anterior pituitary -> GH ->peripheral tissues

Question 3

What is the gland axis from the hypothalamus to the thyroid?

Answer 3

Hypothalamus -> TRH -> Anterior pituitary -> TSH -> Thyroid (T3 and T4)

Question 4

What is the gland axis from the hypothalamus to the adrenal cortex?

Answer 4

Hypothalamus -> CRH -> Anterior pituitary -> ACTH -> Adrenal cortex -> Glucocorticoids

Question 5

What is the gland axis from the hypothalamus to the gonads?

Answer 5

Hypothalamus -> GnRH -> Anterior pituitary -> FSH, LH -> Gonads -> Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone

Question 6

What activates receptors associated with JAK/STAT pathway?

Answer 6

GH and prolactin

Question 7

Dimeric protein hormones sharing a common alpha chain
Activate GPCRs

Answer 7

TSH, FSH, LH

Question 8

Single-chain peptide, Activates a GPCR

Answer 8

ACTH

Question 9

Recombinant human IGF-I drug
Used in treatment of severe IGF-I deficiency

Answer 9

Mecasermin

Question 10

Growth hormone antagonists such as octreotide and Lanreotide are what analogs?

Answer 10

Somatostatin

Question 11

What is a GH receptor antagonist
PEG derivative of a mutant GH and binds to GH receptor but blocks signal transduction

Answer 11

Pegvisomant

Question 12

In women: Directs ovarian follicle development and stimulates the conversion of testosterone to estrogens
In men: Regulates spermatogenesis and stimulates the conversion of testosterone to estrogens

Answer 12

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 13

In women: Stimulates androgen production in the follicular phase. Controls estrogen and progesterone production in the luteal phase
In men: Stimulates androgen production

Answer 13

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 14

Produced in the placenta during pregnancy, nearly identical with LH (binds LH receptors), controls estrogen and progesterone production during pregnancy

Answer 14

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Question 15

FSH, LH, and hCG are all what type of proteins?

Answer 15

heterodimeric

Question 16

hMG, first commercial gonadotropin product
extracted from the urine of postmenopausal women
Mixture of FSH and LH
Lower potency than purified FSH or LH

Answer 16

Menotropins

Question 17

FSH purified from the urine of postmenopausal women
LH activity is removed during purification

Answer 17

Urofollitropin (uFSH)

Question 18

Recombinant forms of FSH
Identical in amino acid sequence with FSH
Differ from each other and uFSH in carb chains
Considerably more expensive than uFSH

Answer 18

Follitropin alpha and beta

Question 19

Recombinant form of LH
Approved for use in combo with follitropin alpha for stimulation of follicular development in infertile women with LH deficiency
Discontinued

Answer 19

Lutropin alpha

Question 20

What is the synthetic analogs of GnRH suffix?

Answer 20

-relin

Question 21

GNRH stimulates the production and release of ___ & ____ at what what point?

Answer 21

GNRH stimulates the production and release of LH & FSH only when its secretion is pulsatile

Question 22

Nonpulsatile administration of GnRH inhibits the release of ___ & ____ in both women and men, resulting in __________

Answer 22

Nonpulsatile administration of GnRH inhibits the release of LH & FSH in both women and men, resulting in hypogonadism

Question 23

Continuous treatment with GnRH agonist suppress what from being released?

Answer 23

Suppression of gonadotropin release

Question 24

GnRH receptor antagonist have what suffix?

Answer 24

-relix

Question 25

What inhibits the secretion of prolactin?

Answer 25

Dopamine

Question 26

Hyperprolactinemia inhibits what from being released?

Answer 26

Inhibition of GnRH release

Question 27

Vasopressin and oxytocin are found where?

Answer 27

posterior pituitary

Question 28

Released by the posterior pituitary in response to rising plasma tonicity and falling blood volume. Physiological functions include antidiuretic and vasopressor activity.

Answer 28

Vasopressin

Question 29

GPCR that increases cytosolic Ca levels upon activation Found on vascular smooth muscle cells mediates vasoconstriction

Answer 29

V1 receptor

Question 30

GPCR that increases cAMP levels upon activation Found in renal tubule cells Increases the number of aquaporins on the cellular membrane (water resorption)

Answer 30

V2 receptor

Question 31

Vasopressin clinical uses

Answer 31

Pituitary diabetes insipidus, nocturnal enuresis

Question 32

Major Adverse effects to vasopressin

Answer 32

water intoxication

Question 33

Used to treat hyponatremia (associated with acute heart failure)

Answer 33

Vasopressin antagonist

Question 34

Non-peptide antagonist of V1 and V2 receptors; intravenous

Answer 34

Conivaptan

Question 35

Selective V2 receptor antagonist; oral

Answer 35

Talvaptan

Question 36

Vasopressin antagonist have what suffix?

Answer 36

(-vaptan)

Question 37

Acts through a GPCR Induction and stimulation of labor, control of uterine hemorrhage after delivery, and enhancement of milk ejection

Answer 37

Oxytocin (Pitocin, Syntocinon)

Question 38

Adverse effects of oxytocin

Answer 38

Excessive uterine contraction, activation of vasopressin receptor by overdose of oxytocin