Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Therapeutics > Macro/Micro nutrients > Flashcards

Macro/Micro nutrients Flashcards

1
Q

What are excess carbs converted to?

A

Glycogen and Triacylglycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two main simple carb groups?

A

Monosaccharides and Disaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are two common monosaccharides?

A

glucose and fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are two common disaccharides?

A

sucrose and lactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which are considered complex carbs?
A. Monosaccharides
B. Disaccharides
C. Polysaccharide
D. Glycogen

A

C. Polysaccharide
D. Glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What enzyme is in saliva and pancreatic juice that is responsible for the digestion of carbs?

A

alpha-amylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What enzymes are found on the luminal surface of small intestines responsible for the digestion of carbs?

A

Disaccharide: maltase, sucrase, lactase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Only (Monosaccharides/Disaccharides/Polysaccharides) are absorbed in the body?

A

Monosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Measure of how quickly individual foods will raise blood glucose levels

A

Glycemic index

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Of the dietary fibers, which are found in unrefined cereals, bran and whole wheat. This increases stool bulk and decreases intestinal transit time. Is it soluble or insoluble?
A. Cellulose and hemicellulose
B. Lignin
C. Pectin

A

A. Cellulose and hemicellulose- insoluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Of the dietary fibers, which are found in woody parts of veggies? This binds cholesterol and carcinogens. Is it soluble or insoluble?
A. Cellulose and hemicellulose
B. Lignin
C. Pectin

A

B. Lignin- insoluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Of the dietary fibers, which gives fruit the ability to form jelly? This decreases the rate of sugar uptake and serum cholesterol levels. Is it soluble or insoluble?
A. Cellulose and hemicellulose
B. Lignin
C. Pectin

A

C. Pectin- soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which of the essential fatty acids (omegas) have an anti-inflammatory response? It can be found in alpha-linolenic acid, EPA and DHA.

A

Omega-3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which of the essential fatty acids (omegas) have a pro-inflammatory response? It can be found in linoleic acid and arachidonic acid.

A

Omega-6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The (lower/higher) ratio of omega 3 to omega 6, the better for blood pressure control, blood clotting, and immune functions

A

Higher ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids have (cis/trans) double bond configuration

A

cis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

T/F: the brain uses fat as an energy source

A

false

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When starved, what organ converts fatty acids to ketone bodies for energy?

A

Liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Rank the following by order of higher to lower percent body weight composition?
Fat, Water, Protein, Others

A

(Highest) Water <- Protein <- Fat <- Other (Lowest)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

A negative ____ balance results from inadequate intake of protein

A

Nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Only (free/bound) amino acids are released to blood

A

free

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

T/F: Protein is not a preferred energy reserve

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

During the well-fed state, what happens to insulin (glycogen)? Amino acids?

A

Insulin released, glycolysis, glycogen synthesis (no gluconeogenesis)
Catabolism of amino acids, fatty acid synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

During the early fasting state, what happens to insulin (glycogen)? Amino acids?

A

glucagon release, glycogen breakdown, gluconeogenesis
No catabolism of amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

During the fasting state, what happens to insulin (glycogen)? Amino acids?

A

Glucagon release, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, ketogenesis
Fatty acid oxidation

26
Q

Which protein-energy malnutrition state in children is characterized by a thin, wasted appearance being small for their age?
Marasmus or Kwashiorkor

A

Marasmus

27
Q

Which protein-energy malnutrition state in children is characterized by a deceptively plump edema due to lack of mothers milk (digestive enzymes)?
Marasmus or Kwashiorkor

A

Kwashiorkor

28
Q

What are the reference values?

A

1- EAR
2- RDA
3- UL

29
Q

What is the amount of nutrient estimated to meet the need of 50% of the healthy individuals in an age and gender group?
(EAR/RDA/AI/UL)

A

EAR- Estimated average requirement

30
Q

What is two standard deviations above the EAR sufficient to meet the need of nearly all (97-98%) healthy individuals in a group?
(EAR/RDA/AI/UL)

A

RDA- Recommended dietary allowance

31
Q

What is used when scientific evidence is inadequate to set an EAR; approximations of the average nutrient intake by a healthy population
(EAR/RDA/AI/UL)

A

AI- Adequate intake

32
Q

What is the maximum level of daily intake of a nutrient without any health risk?
(EAR/RDA/AI/UL)

A

UL- Tolerable upper intake level

33
Q

Which vitamins are fat soluble?

A

Vit A, D, E, K

34
Q

Which vitamins are water-soluble?

A

B’s and Vit C

35
Q

Vitamin A
Name, Fat/Water soluble, Body’s response and dietary considerations, and health effects

A

Name: Retinol/Retinoic Acid
Fat Soluble
Dietary: Carotenoids (decrease cancer risk), dark green and yellow veg, liver, egg yolk, butter and whole milk
Stored in liver
Deficiency: cause night blindness
Retinoic acid functions as steroid hormones regulating cell growth and differentiation

36
Q

Vitamin D
Name, Fat/Water soluble, Body’s response and dietary considerations, and health effects

A

VitD3 -> Cholecalciferol
Fat soluble
Produced photochemically in skin
Dietary: Vit D milk, saltwater fish, liver, egg yolk
Health: Functions as steroid hormones maintaining calcium homeostasis
Deficiency:
Rickets- young children
Osteomalacia- curved bones

37
Q

Vitamin E
Name, Fat/Water soluble, Body’s response and dietary considerations, and health effects

A

Tocopherols and tocotrienols
Fat Soluble
Accumulate in lipoproteins, cell membranes, and fat deposits
Dietary: veg oils rich in polysat. fatty acids
Decreased cardiovascular diseases by preventing LDL oxidation (anti-atherogenic)

38
Q

Vitamin K
Name, Fat/Water soluble, Body’s response and dietary considerations, and health effects

A

K1 and K2
Fat soluble
Dietary: K1- green veg K2- synth of intestinal bacteria
Health: Essential for blood clotting and bone mineralization
Warfarin- inhibits VitK epoxide reductase
Required for modification of glutamic acid to gamma-carboxyglutamic acid resides allowing proteins to bind calcium

39
Q

Vitamin C
Name, Fat/Water soluble, Body’s response and dietary considerations, and health effects

A

Ascorbic acid
Water Soluble
Aids in absorp. of iron by decreasing its absorption in stomach
antioxidant
collagen stability
Deficiency: scurvy, capillary fragility, lesser in smokers

40
Q

B1
Name, Function, Dietary, and Deficiency

A

Name: Thiamin
Fxn: Thiamin pyrophosp. fxn as cofactor in enzymatic catalysis
Thiamin triphosp. fxn as transmission of nerve impulse in PNS
Dietary: Unpolished rice, fortified in cereal
Deficiency: BeriBeri (Muscular atrophy and weakness)

41
Q

B2
Name, Function, Dietary, and Deficiency

A

Name: Riboflavin
Fxn: Precursor of cofactorsin redox rxn- FAD and FMN
Dietary: Milk, meat, eggs and cereal products
Deficiency: Very rare (glossitis and scaly dermatits)
Seen in chronic alcoholics

42
Q

B3
Name, Function, Dietary, and Deficiency

A

Name: Niacin
Fxn: converted to NAD and NADP
Dietary: Rich in meats, peanuts, and enriched cereal
Deficiency: Rare; seen in chronic alcoholics and elderly
Severe -> pellagra (dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia),

43
Q

B6
Name, Function, Dietary, and Deficiency

A

Name: Pyridoxine (referred to by #)
Fxn: Converted to cofactor pyridoxal phosphate
Synthesis of neurotransmitters and sphinolipids
Transamination rxn in amino acid metabolism
Dietary: Rich in meat, veg, and whole grain cereals
Deficiency: Significant population consumes less than recommended intake!!
Mild- irritability, nervousness, depression
Severe- peripheral neuropathy and convulsions

44
Q

B7
Name, Function, Dietary, and Deficiency

A

Name: Biotin
Fxn: Cofactor of carbon dioxide in carboxylase enzymes
Covalent bound to lysine side chains
Dietary: Rich in wide range of foods
Deficiency: Rare- consuming raw egg white and pregnant women

45
Q

B9
Name, Function, Dietary, and Deficiency

A

Name: Folic acid
Fxn: Converted to tetrahydrofolate
Used in synthesis of amino acids and nucleotides
Essential DNA synthesis and cell proliferation
Dietary: rich in wide variety of foods
Deficiency: Inhibits DNA synthesis
abnormal blood cells- anemia
Increase birth defects (neural tube0
Common in alcoholics

46
Q

B12
Name, Function, Dietary, and Deficiency

A

Name: Cobalamin (referred by number)
Fxn: Contains cobalt, exists as complex with proteins
Dietary: More common in animals (deficiency in long-term vegetarians)
Deficiency: anemia and neurological damage

47
Q

What are the mild and severe deficiencies of calcium?

A

Mild: muscle cramps
Severe: osteoporosis

48
Q

Which of the following is NOT used as the fuel for the brain
A. Glucose synthesized via gluconeogenesis
B. Ketone bodies produced by the liver
C. Glucose produced from glycogen in the liver
D. Glucose produced from glycogen in muscles

A

D. Glucose produced from glycogen in muscles

49
Q

_____ is also known as dextrose
A. Maltose
B. Starch
C. Glucose
D. Fructose

A

C. Glucose

50
Q

Which of the following would have the lowest glycemic index?
A. Bread
B. Pure glucose solution
C. Ice cream
D. Potato

A

C. Ice cream

51
Q

Which of the following description is incorrect about linolenic acid?
A. It is a polyunsaturated fatty acid
B. It is an essential fatty acid
C. It is an 18:3 fatty acid
D. It is an w-6 fatty acid

A

D. It is an w-6 fatty acid

52
Q

What happens when an essential amino acid is missing in the diet?
A. The liver synthesizes the essential amino acid from other amino acids
B. Urea is not produced anymore
C. Negative nitrogen balance occurs
D. Positive nitrogen balance occurs

A

C. Negative nitrogen balance occurs

53
Q

Which of the following vitamins can be stored in the liver?
A. Vit A
B. Vit B6
C. Vit C
D. Vit B1

A

A. Vit A

54
Q

Which of the following vitamins is NOT a fat-soluble vitamin?
A. Vit A
B. Vit K
C. Vit C
D. Vit D

A

C. Vit C

55
Q

_________ is the amount of nutrient estimated to meet the need of 50% of the healthy individuals
A. AI
B. EAR
C. RDA
D. UL

A

B. EAR

56
Q

Which of the following does NOT occur in the fasting state?
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Fatty acid synthesis
C. Ketogenesis
D. Lipolysis

A

B. Fatty acid synthesis

57
Q

_____ is a form of malnutrition that happens when the energy intake is adequate but the protein intake is inadequate
A. Kwashiorkor
B. Marasmus
C. Celiac sprue
D. Beriberi

A

A. Kwashiorkor

58
Q

Severe _______ deficiency is known as beriberi
A. Vit A
B. Niacin
C. Thiamin
D. Vit D

A

C. Thiamin (B1)

59
Q

Which of the following active forms of vitamins acts as a hormone?
A. Tocopherol
B. Tetrahydrofolate
C. Retinoic acid
D. Thiamin triphosphate

A

C. Retinoic acid (Vit A)

60
Q

Which of the following statements is incorrect about vitamins?
A. Folic acid deficiency increases the risk of birth defects
B. Long-term vegetarians have a greater risk of cobalamin deficiency
C. Nicotinic acid is synthesized from nicotine in the body
D. Symptoms of Ca deficiency resembled Vit D deficiency

A

C. Nicotinic acid is synthesized from nicotine in the body

61
Q

Which of the following vit deficiencies is more likely to occur in chronic alcoholics?
A. Rickets
B. Pellagra
C. Osteomalacia
D. Night blindness

A

B. Pellagra

Therapeutics (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions