Macro/Micro nutrients Flashcards by Renee W

What are excess carbs converted to?

Glycogen and Triacylglycerol

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What are the two main simple carb groups?

Monosaccharides and Disaccharides

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What are two common monosaccharides?

glucose and fructose

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What are two common disaccharides?

sucrose and lactose

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Which are considered complex carbs?
A. Monosaccharides
B. Disaccharides
C. Polysaccharide
D. Glycogen

C. Polysaccharide
D. Glycogen

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What enzyme is in saliva and pancreatic juice that is responsible for the digestion of carbs?

alpha-amylase

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What enzymes are found on the luminal surface of small intestines responsible for the digestion of carbs?

Disaccharide: maltase, sucrase, lactase

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Only (Monosaccharides/Disaccharides/Polysaccharides) are absorbed in the body?

Monosaccharides

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Measure of how quickly individual foods will raise blood glucose levels

Glycemic index

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Of the dietary fibers, which are found in unrefined cereals, bran and whole wheat. This increases stool bulk and decreases intestinal transit time. Is it soluble or insoluble?
A. Cellulose and hemicellulose
B. Lignin
C. Pectin

A. Cellulose and hemicellulose- insoluble

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Of the dietary fibers, which are found in woody parts of veggies? This binds cholesterol and carcinogens. Is it soluble or insoluble?
A. Cellulose and hemicellulose
B. Lignin
C. Pectin

B. Lignin- insoluble

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Of the dietary fibers, which gives fruit the ability to form jelly? This decreases the rate of sugar uptake and serum cholesterol levels. Is it soluble or insoluble?
A. Cellulose and hemicellulose
B. Lignin
C. Pectin

C. Pectin- soluble

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Which of the essential fatty acids (omegas) have an anti-inflammatory response? It can be found in alpha-linolenic acid, EPA and DHA.

Omega-3

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Which of the essential fatty acids (omegas) have a pro-inflammatory response? It can be found in linoleic acid and arachidonic acid.

Omega-6

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The (lower/higher) ratio of omega 3 to omega 6, the better for blood pressure control, blood clotting, and immune functions

Higher ratio

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Unsaturated fatty acids have (cis/trans) double bond configuration

cis

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T/F: the brain uses fat as an energy source

false

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When starved, what organ converts fatty acids to ketone bodies for energy?

Liver

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Rank the following by order of higher to lower percent body weight composition?
Fat, Water, Protein, Others

(Highest) Water <- Protein <- Fat <- Other (Lowest)

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A negative ____ balance results from inadequate intake of protein

Nitrogen

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Only (free/bound) amino acids are released to blood

free

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T/F: Protein is not a preferred energy reserve

True

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During the well-fed state, what happens to insulin (glycogen)? Amino acids?

Insulin released, glycolysis, glycogen synthesis (no gluconeogenesis)
Catabolism of amino acids, fatty acid synthesis

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During the early fasting state, what happens to insulin (glycogen)? Amino acids?

glucagon release, glycogen breakdown, gluconeogenesis
No catabolism of amino acids

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During the fasting state, what happens to insulin (glycogen)? Amino acids?

Glucagon release, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, ketogenesis Fatty acid oxidation

Which protein-energy malnutrition state in children is characterized by a thin, wasted appearance being small for their age? Marasmus or Kwashiorkor

Marasmus

Which protein-energy malnutrition state in children is characterized by a deceptively plump edema due to lack of mothers milk (digestive enzymes)? Marasmus or Kwashiorkor

Kwashiorkor

What are the reference values?

1- EAR 2- RDA 3- UL

What is the amount of nutrient estimated to meet the need of 50% of the healthy individuals in an age and gender group? (EAR/RDA/AI/UL)

EAR- Estimated average requirement

What is two standard deviations above the EAR sufficient to meet the need of nearly all (97-98%) healthy individuals in a group? (EAR/RDA/AI/UL)

RDA- Recommended dietary allowance

What is used when scientific evidence is inadequate to set an EAR; approximations of the average nutrient intake by a healthy population (EAR/RDA/AI/UL)

AI- Adequate intake

What is the maximum level of daily intake of a nutrient without any health risk? (EAR/RDA/AI/UL)

UL- Tolerable upper intake level

Which vitamins are fat soluble?

Vit A, D, E, K

Which vitamins are water-soluble?

B's and Vit C

Vitamin A Name, Fat/Water soluble, Body's response and dietary considerations, and health effects

Name: Retinol/Retinoic Acid Fat Soluble Dietary: Carotenoids (decrease cancer risk), dark green and yellow veg, liver, egg yolk, butter and whole milk Stored in liver Deficiency: cause night blindness Retinoic acid functions as steroid hormones regulating cell growth and differentiation

Vitamin D Name, Fat/Water soluble, Body's response and dietary considerations, and health effects

VitD3 -> Cholecalciferol Fat soluble Produced photochemically in skin Dietary: Vit D milk, saltwater fish, liver, egg yolk Health: Functions as steroid hormones maintaining calcium homeostasis Deficiency: Rickets- young children Osteomalacia- curved bones

Vitamin E Name, Fat/Water soluble, Body's response and dietary considerations, and health effects

Tocopherols and tocotrienols Fat Soluble Accumulate in lipoproteins, cell membranes, and fat deposits Dietary: veg oils rich in polysat. fatty acids Decreased cardiovascular diseases by preventing LDL oxidation (anti-atherogenic)

Vitamin K Name, Fat/Water soluble, Body's response and dietary considerations, and health effects

K1 and K2 Fat soluble Dietary: K1- green veg K2- synth of intestinal bacteria Health: Essential for blood clotting and bone mineralization Warfarin- inhibits VitK epoxide reductase Required for modification of glutamic acid to gamma-carboxyglutamic acid resides allowing proteins to bind calcium

Vitamin C Name, Fat/Water soluble, Body's response and dietary considerations, and health effects

Ascorbic acid Water Soluble Aids in absorp. of iron by decreasing its absorption in stomach antioxidant collagen stability Deficiency: scurvy, capillary fragility, lesser in smokers

B1 Name, Function, Dietary, and Deficiency

Name: Thiamin Fxn: Thiamin pyrophosp. fxn as cofactor in enzymatic catalysis Thiamin triphosp. fxn as transmission of nerve impulse in PNS Dietary: Unpolished rice, fortified in cereal Deficiency: BeriBeri (Muscular atrophy and weakness)

B2 Name, Function, Dietary, and Deficiency

Name: Riboflavin Fxn: Precursor of cofactorsin redox rxn- FAD and FMN Dietary: Milk, meat, eggs and cereal products Deficiency: Very rare (glossitis and scaly dermatits) Seen in chronic alcoholics

B3 Name, Function, Dietary, and Deficiency

Name: Niacin Fxn: converted to NAD and NADP Dietary: Rich in meats, peanuts, and enriched cereal Deficiency: Rare; seen in chronic alcoholics and elderly Severe -> pellagra (dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia),

B6 Name, Function, Dietary, and Deficiency

Name: Pyridoxine (referred to by #) Fxn: Converted to cofactor pyridoxal phosphate Synthesis of neurotransmitters and sphinolipids Transamination rxn in amino acid metabolism Dietary: Rich in meat, veg, and whole grain cereals Deficiency: Significant population consumes less than recommended intake!! Mild- irritability, nervousness, depression Severe- peripheral neuropathy and convulsions

B7 Name, Function, Dietary, and Deficiency

Name: Biotin Fxn: Cofactor of carbon dioxide in carboxylase enzymes Covalent bound to lysine side chains Dietary: Rich in wide range of foods Deficiency: Rare- consuming raw egg white and pregnant women

B9 Name, Function, Dietary, and Deficiency

Name: Folic acid Fxn: Converted to tetrahydrofolate Used in synthesis of amino acids and nucleotides Essential DNA synthesis and cell proliferation Dietary: rich in wide variety of foods Deficiency: Inhibits DNA synthesis abnormal blood cells- anemia Increase birth defects (neural tube0 Common in alcoholics

B12 Name, Function, Dietary, and Deficiency

Name: Cobalamin (referred by number) Fxn: Contains cobalt, exists as complex with proteins Dietary: More common in animals (deficiency in long-term vegetarians) Deficiency: anemia and neurological damage

What are the mild and severe deficiencies of calcium?

Mild: muscle cramps Severe: osteoporosis

Which of the following is NOT used as the fuel for the brain A. Glucose synthesized via gluconeogenesis B. Ketone bodies produced by the liver C. Glucose produced from glycogen in the liver D. Glucose produced from glycogen in muscles

D. Glucose produced from glycogen in muscles

_____ is also known as dextrose A. Maltose B. Starch C. Glucose D. Fructose

C. Glucose

Which of the following would have the lowest glycemic index? A. Bread B. Pure glucose solution C. Ice cream D. Potato

C. Ice cream

Which of the following description is incorrect about linolenic acid? A. It is a polyunsaturated fatty acid B. It is an essential fatty acid C. It is an 18:3 fatty acid D. It is an w-6 fatty acid

D. It is an w-6 fatty acid

What happens when an essential amino acid is missing in the diet? A. The liver synthesizes the essential amino acid from other amino acids B. Urea is not produced anymore C. Negative nitrogen balance occurs D. Positive nitrogen balance occurs

C. Negative nitrogen balance occurs

Which of the following vitamins can be stored in the liver? A. Vit A B. Vit B6 C. Vit C D. Vit B1

A. Vit A

Which of the following vitamins is NOT a fat-soluble vitamin? A. Vit A B. Vit K C. Vit C D. Vit D

C. Vit C

_________ is the amount of nutrient estimated to meet the need of 50% of the healthy individuals A. AI B. EAR C. RDA D. UL

B. EAR

Which of the following does NOT occur in the fasting state? A. Gluconeogenesis B. Fatty acid synthesis C. Ketogenesis D. Lipolysis

B. Fatty acid synthesis

_____ is a form of malnutrition that happens when the energy intake is adequate but the protein intake is inadequate A. Kwashiorkor B. Marasmus C. Celiac sprue D. Beriberi

A. Kwashiorkor

Severe _______ deficiency is known as beriberi A. Vit A B. Niacin C. Thiamin D. Vit D

C. Thiamin (B1)

Which of the following active forms of vitamins acts as a hormone? A. Tocopherol B. Tetrahydrofolate C. Retinoic acid D. Thiamin triphosphate

C. Retinoic acid (Vit A)

Which of the following statements is incorrect about vitamins? A. Folic acid deficiency increases the risk of birth defects B. Long-term vegetarians have a greater risk of cobalamin deficiency C. Nicotinic acid is synthesized from nicotine in the body D. Symptoms of Ca deficiency resembled Vit D deficiency

C. Nicotinic acid is synthesized from nicotine in the body

Which of the following vit deficiencies is more likely to occur in chronic alcoholics? A. Rickets B. Pellagra C. Osteomalacia D. Night blindness

B. Pellagra

Macro/Micro nutrients Flashcards

(61 cards)