Plant Organs Stems

Question 1

stem functions

Answer 1

• support
• conduct
• produce new living tissues

Question 2

protective outer layer
covered by water conserving cuticle

Answer 2

epidermis

Question 3

• xylem conducts water and dissolved minerals
• phloem conducts dissolved carbohydrates (sucrose)

Answer 3

vascular tissues

Question 4

• cortex and pith
• ground tissue

Answer 4

storage tissues

Question 5

have vascular bundles arranged in a circle (in cross section)

have a distinct cortex and pith

Answer 5

herbaceous eudicot stems

Question 6

have scattered vascular bundles
have ground tissue instead of distinct cortex and pith

Answer 6

monocot stems

Question 7

unlike roots, stems have

Answer 7

nodes & internodes, leaves and buds

Question 8

unlike stems, roots have

Answer 8

root caps and root hairs

Question 9

area on a stem where one or more leaves is attached

Answer 9

node

Question 10

stem area between 2 successive nodes

Answer 10

internode

Question 11

undeveloped shoot that contains an embryonic meristem

Answer 11

bud

Question 12

a tip of stem

Answer 12

terminal bud

Question 13

on side of stem

Answer 13

axillary bud

Question 14

lateral meristem that produces secondary xylem (wood) to the inside and secondary phloem (inner bark) to the outside

Answer 14

Primary growth: Eudicot
vascular cambium

Question 15

occurs in woody eudicots and conifers
produced by vascular cambium
not initially a solid cylinder of cells becomes continuous when production of secondary tissues begins

Answer 15

secondary growth: eudicot

Question 16

certain parenchyma cells between bundles
retain ability to divide
connect to vascular cambium cells in each vascular bundle
form a complete ring of vascular cambium

Answer 16

secondary growth: eudicot

Question 17

lateral meristem that produces cork parenchyma to the inside and cork cells to the outside

Answer 17

cork cambium

Question 18

types of woody stem

Answer 18

• trees
• shrubs

Question 19

contains conspicuous trunks

Answer 19

trees

Question 20

produced branches from or near the ground

Answer 20

shrubs

Question 21

variation of bark: bark is deeply fissured

Answer 21

bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa)

Question 22

variation of bark: has a rough, shaggy bark

Answer 22

Shagbark hickory (Carya Ovata)

Question 23

variation of bark: scaly

Answer 23

Norway Pine (Pinus resinosa)

Question 24

variation of bark: has a peeling bark

Answer 24

Paper Birch (Betula papyrifera)

Question 25

as stem thickens from secondary growth the epidermis including the stomata that allowed gas exchange for the herbaceous stem, dies. Stomata are replaced by _______

Answer 25

lenticels

Question 26

completing their life cycle in one growing season

Answer 26

annuals

Question 27

lower part of the stem often modified for food storage persist after the first growing season and bears buds from which an erect stem arises during the second growing season

Answer 27

biennial

Question 28

short stem may produce new shoots for many years

Answer 28

perennial

Question 29

functional secondary xylem younger, lighter colored wood closest to the bark

Answer 29

sapwood

Question 30

• older wood in the center of the trunk • typically brownish red • no longer functions in conduction • denser than sapwood • provides structural support for trees • more resistant to decay

Answer 30

heartwood

Question 31

can accurately determine the age of a wood sample by using a computer to match its ring to master chronnology

Answer 31

tree-ring dating

Question 32

week stemmed plants that depend on other plants for support plant with long, thin, often climbing stem

Answer 32

vine

Question 33

types of modified stems

Answer 33

• rhizome • tuber • bulb • corm • stolon

Question 34

horizontal underground stem that often serves as a storage organ and a means of sexual reproduction

Answer 34

rhizome example: iris

Question 35

the thickened end of a rhizome that is fleshy and enlarged for food storage

Answer 35

tuber example: white potato

Question 36

rounded, fleshy underground bud that consists of a short stem with fleshy leaves

Answer 36

bulb example: onion

Question 37

a short thickened underground stem specialized for food storage and asexual reproduction

Answer 37

corm example: crocus

Question 38

an aerial horizontal stem with long internodes; often forms buds that develop into separate plants

Answer 38

stolon example: strawberry

Question 39

significance of stem

Answer 39

• food & cooking materials • medicine • construction material • condiments • furnitures, toys, aesthetics • scents and perfumes • hair dyes • paper • clothing • art materials

Question 40

temporary or permanent clearance of large expenses of forests for agriculture or other uses

Answer 40

deforestation