The Chemical Composition of Cellls

Question 1

refers to the use of hyperaccumulator plants to remove heavy metals in contaminated soils

Answer 1

phytoremediation

Question 2

use of hyperaccumulator plants to grow and harvest in order to recover commercially valuable metals in plant shoots from metal-rich sites

Answer 2

phytomining

Question 3

positive electric charge, small mass

Answer 3

proton

Question 4

uncharged, about same mass as proton

Answer 4

neutron

Question 5

negative charge, extreme small mass

Answer 5

electron

Question 6

moves around the nucleus at different energy levels

Answer 6

electrons

Question 7

allow elements to combine chemically to form chemical compounds

Answer 7

electrons

Question 8

are atoms which tend to gain or lose electrons

Answer 8

ions

Question 9

an electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions

Answer 9

ionic bond

Question 10

chemical bond involving 1 or more shared pairs of electrons

Answer 10

covalent bond

Question 11

attraction between slightly positive hydrogen atom in 1 molecule and a slightly negative atom (usually oxygen) in another molecule

Answer 11

hydrogen bond

Question 12

has a strong dissolving ability

Answer 12

water

Question 13

molecules form hydrogen bonds with one another

Answer 13

cohesion

Question 14

molecules form hydrogen bonds to substances with ionic or polar regions

Answer 14

adhesion

Question 15

dissociate in water to form hydrogen ions

Answer 15

acids

Question 16

dissociate in water to yield negatively charged hydroxide ions

Answer 16

bases

Question 17

measure of the relative concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution

Answer 17

pH scale

Question 18

organic compound containing carbon hydrogen, and oxygen
includes sugars, starches, cellulose
important fuel molecules, components of molecules(nucleic acids) and cell walls

Answer 18

carbohydrates

Question 19

simple sugars

Answer 19

monosaccharides

Question 20

2 monosaccharide unit

Answer 20

disaccharides

Question 21

many monosaccharide units

Answer 21

polysaccharides

Question 22

any of a group of organic compounds that is insoluble in water but soluble in fat solvents

Answer 22

lipis

Question 23

large, complex organic compound composed of amino acids subunits

Answer 23

proteins

Question 24

proteins that increase the rate of chemical reactions

Answer 24

enzymes

Question 25

large, complex organic molecules composed of neucleotides controls the cell’s life process

Answer 25

nucleic acids

Question 26

transmits information from generation to the next

Answer 26

deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA)

Question 27

involved in protein synthesis

Answer 27

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Question 28

repeating units that form nucleic acids

Answer 28

nucleotides

Question 29

modified nucleotide compound important in energy transfers in biological systems

Answer 29

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Question 30

DNA replication

Answer 30

1. helicase enzymes separate 2 strands of neucleotides - point at which 2 strands of DNA separates (replication fork) 2. another enzyme (DNA polymerase) binds separated strands and starts moving along original DNA 3. DNA polymerase assembles a complementary strand from free nucleotides that are found in the nucleoplasm

Question 31

building block of carbohydrates

Answer 31

monosaccharides

Question 32

building block of proteins

Answer 32

amino acids

Question 33

building block of lipids

Answer 33

fatty acids + glycerol

Question 34

building block of nucleic acids

Answer 34

nucleotide

Question 35

organic catalysts, produced within organisms that accelerates specific chemical reactions

Answer 35

enzymes

Question 36

energy required to initiate a chemical reaction

Answer 36

activation energy

Question 37

stored energy

Answer 37

potential energy

Question 38

energy having to do with motion

Answer 38

kinetic energy

Question 39

first law of thermodynamics

Answer 39

energy can be harnessed and transformed but not created or destroyed

Question 40

second low of thermodynamics

Answer 40

every transfer of energy increases the entropy of matter in the universe

Question 41

second low of thermodynamics

Answer 41

every transfer of energy increases the entropy of matter in the universe

Question 42

ability to do work

Answer 42

energy

Question 43

continuously increases in the universe as usable energy is converted to lower-quality, less usable form (heat)

Answer 43

entropy

Question 44

compounds that are directly included in the growth and development of a plants

Answer 44

primary metabolites

Question 45

organic compounds produced in other metabolic pathways

Answer 45

secondary metabolites

Question 46

the term for the in vivo synthesis of metabolites

Answer 46

biosynthesis

Question 47

secondary metabolites such as:

Answer 47

phenolics, alkaloids, terpenoids

Question 48

group of naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms

Answer 48

alkaloids

Question 49

organism that synthesize phenolic compounds do so in response to ecological pressure such as pathogen and insect attack, UV radiation and wounding

Answer 49

Phenolics