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Play 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

How is free play different from adult play? (2)

A
  1. Freely chosen activity directed by participants

2. Undertaken for its own sake

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2
Q

Children are designed, by natural selection to play. This propensity

A

Manifests itself in hunter-gatherer cultures

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3
Q

Play has diminished with the rise of ______ and ________

A

Agriculture

Industrial revolution

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4
Q

When was the golden age of unstructured (free) play?

A

1900-1950

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5
Q

Since the ____, free play has declined

A

1950

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6
Q

Hofferth + Sandberg, 2001

Between 1981 and ____

A

1997

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7
Q

Hofferth + Sandberg, 2001 (1981-1997)

25% less time spent

A

In play (indoor + outdoor)

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8
Q

Hofferth + Sandberg, 2001 (1981-1997)

55% less time spent

A

Conversing with others at home

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9
Q

Hofferth + Sandberg, 2001 (1981-1997)

145% more time spent

A

Doing school homework

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10
Q

Hofferth + Sandberg, 2001 (1981-1997)

In 1997 the average child spent….therefore….

A

11 hours a week playing

Free play must have decreased more than 25%

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11
Q

Hofferth + Sandberg, 2001 (1981-1997)

19% LESS time spent…… and 18% MORE time spent….

A

Watching TV

In school

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12
Q

Clements 2004

Asked 830 mothers to

A

Compare their children’s (3-12) play to their own play as children

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13
Q

Clements 2004

85% of the mothers agreed

A

Their own children played outdoors less

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14
Q

Clements 2004

Mothers (70%) –> Children (31%)

A

“Playing outside daily”

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15
Q

Clements 2004

What two things decreased between the mothers childhood and their child’s?

A

1 . Playing outside daily

2. Playing outside for >3hrs

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16
Q

Clements 2004

3 reasons cited for reduction in play from mother-child?

A

TV - 85%
Computer - 81%
Safety concerns - 82%

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17
Q

Singer et al., 2009

Mothers reported that …. ranked among activities that make children happiest

A

Playing outside

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18
Q

Singer et al., 2009

Mothers reported …. made children happier than….

A

Playing outside

Watching TV/Playing games

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19
Q

Playreport 2010

What was the assessment technique?

A

Survey

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20
Q

Playreport 2010

89% of children preferred… to

A

Outdoor play (friends)

Watching TV

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21
Q

Playreport 2010

Children preferred place to play is

A

Outdoors

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22
Q

Playreport 2010

Generally, children’s preferred place to play is outdoors in both… samples

A

US (69%)

International (58%)

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23
Q

Playreport 2010

Parent’s reasons to restrict outdoor play

A 
Child predators (49%)
Child molesters (78%)
Traffic accidents (52%)
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24
Q

Mental health in children and adolescents has

A

Declined

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25
Evidence for the mental health decline in adolescents comes from
Standardised assessment questionnaires
26
There has been a ______ in anxiety and depression
Increase
27
3 questionnaires used to assess anxiety and depression?
Taylor's Manifest Anxiety Scale Children's MA Scale MMPI/MMPI-A
28
Taylor's Manifest Anxiety Scale Children's MA Scale MMPI/MMPI-A These scales have all been used since
The 1950s
29
___% of young people in the most recent samples have anxiety and depression scores greater for same age group in 1950s
85%
30
85% of young people in the most recent samples have A + D greater than
Same age group in 1950s
31
Suicide rate between 1950 and 2005 Children below 15
4x
32
Suicide rate between 1950 and 2005 Adolescents between 15-24
2x
33
Rates of anxiety/depression were lower during: (3)
Great Depression World War 2 Cold War
34
Rates of anxiety/depression were lower in Wars/Great Depression. This indicates
Changes in MH seems to be related to the way young people VIEW the world rather than how it actually is
35
What suggests that MH may be related to world-perceptions rather than world-reality?
Lower anxiety/depression rates in wars etc
36
Individuals anxiety and depression correlates with
Locus of control
37
Locus of control can be subdivided into
Internal | External
38
Internal locus of control
I can control my own fate
39
External locus of control
I can't control my own fate
40
"What's going to happen to me will happen" What is this an example of?
External locus of control
41
"Trusting fate has never turned out as well as making a decision" What is this an example of?
Internal locus of control
42
How has LOC changed in college students (1960-2002)?
Shift from INTERNAL to EXTERNAL
43
The shift from internal to external LOC (1960-2002) was so great that
2002: Avg young person was more external than 80% of people in the 60s
44
Aside from A/D and LOC, what else has changed changed in the last 50 years?
Narcissism | Materialism
45
Who identified the locus of control?
Rotter, 1954
46
How can the locus of control be measured?
Internal-external locus of control scale
47
Narcissism
Inflated view of self
48
How can narcissism be measured?
Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI)
49
1. Exploit others for personal gain 2. Value self-aggrandisement over cooperation 3. Rank themselves unduly high in leadership abilities These are all characteristic of...
Narcissism
50
Narcissists rank themselves unduly high in....
Leadership abilities
51
Narcississts value _____ over cooperation
Self-aggrandisement
52
High self-esteem in narcissism masks...
Fragile/defensive variety of self-esteem
53
What locus of control do Narcissists tend to have?
External locus of control
54
Narcissists attribute the lack of congruity between perceived qualities and lack of status/achievement to....
Factors beyond their control (External LOC)
55
Narcissists commonly experience ______ when their experiences with reality counter their high self-views
Anxiety/depression
56
Narcissists commonly experience anxiety/depression when
Experiences with reality counter high-self views
57
Desires to develop a meaningful philosophy of life has ______ from 1967-2006
Decreased (86-42%)
58
High school students have more unrealistic (______) expectations about future careers
Narcissistic
59
Materialism 1967-2006 What INCREASED from 46-73%?
Desires to be well off financially
60
Intrinsic goals
Actions/goals are generally same
61
Extrinsic goals
Actions are unpleasant chores | Action --> end connections are not always certain
62
Making money/achieving high status is an example of
An extrinsic goal
63
Twenge believes we shift from _____ to _______
Intrinsic to extrinsic goals
64
Increased anxiety may have resulted from (2)
Increased anxiety | Reduced sense of community
65
Families in general have become more _____ socially
Isolated
66
How might narcissism result in increased anxiety?
Excessive focus on self | Reduced focus on others
67
Play means children develop _____ and competencies
Intrinsic interests
68
In school, children work for grades and praise (________)
Extrinsic goals
69
Adult-directed sports Extrinsic or intrinsic goals?
Extrinsic goals
70
In adult-directed sports, children work for praise/trophies (_______)
Extrinsic goals
71
Why are adult-directed sports extrinsic goal activities?
Children work for praise/trophies
72
What kind of goal is free play?
Intrinsic
73
Why is free-play an intrinsic-goal activity?
Children do what they want | Learning/psychological growth are just byproducts
74
Vygotsky believed that children's play improves
Self-control
75
Rough and tumble play How does this improve self-control?
Its PLAY, so prohibits you from hurting others
76
Sociodramatic play How does this improve self-control?
Stay in character
77
Aside from self-control, in play children learn to
Regulate their emotions
78
How does rough-and-tumble play lead to emotional regulation?
Moderately frightening situation that needs to be controlled/regulated
79
Children do not tolerate airs of superiority/depends for special treatment, i.e. play is
Egalitarian
80
Play is egalitarian because children to not tolerate (2)
1. Airs of superiority | 2. Demand for special treatment
81
Anyone that becomes too upset will leave the play. Therefore, players must be
Attuned to emotional reactions/needs of others
82
Social play makes children _____, and it's absence makes them ______
Happy Unhappy
83
Mihaly Czikzentmihalyi + Hunt (2003) 830 children wore special
Wristwatches
84
Mihaly Czikzentmihalyi + Hunt (2003) What were the wristwatches programmed to do?
Provide signals at random times
85
Mihaly Czikzentmihalyi + Hunt (2003) When the wristwatches signalled, what were the children required to do?
Fill out a questionnaire indicating happiness levels + what they were doing
86
Mihaly Czikzentmihalyi + Hunt (2003) When were the children unhappiest?
School or doing homework
87
Mihaly Czikzentmihalyi + Hunt (2003) When did the children have neutral emotions?
Time with parents/solo leisure activities

269 (18 decks)

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