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NC 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Mathematical cognition describes how our

A

Cog. system processes numerical information

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2
Q

Mathematical cognition considers three fields -

A

Psychology
Neuroscience
Education

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3
Q

Childhood low numeracy can impact future…

A

QOL (e.g. career path and health)

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4
Q

SYMBOLIC number processing is divided into

A

Verbal

Visual

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5
Q

NON-SYMBOLIC number processing, i.e.

A

Three dots representing the number 3

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6
Q

Two systems for language-independent number processing

A
  1. Small Exact Numerosity

2. Large approximate numerosity

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7
Q

Two examples of SMALL EXACT NUMEROSITY

A

Object tracking system

Parallel individuation

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8
Q

One example of LARGE APPROXIMATE NUMEROSITY

A

ANS (approximate number system)

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9
Q

Task to test the Small Exact Numerosity system

A

Enumeration tasks

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10
Q

How might enumeration tasks be solved (2)

A
  1. Counting

2. Subitizing

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11
Q

Subitizing is

A

Fast/accurate enumeration of small numerical quantities

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12
Q

Fast/accurate enumeration of small numerical quantities

A

Subitizing

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13
Q

Subitizing ______ with age

A

Develops

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14
Q

Svenson + Sjoberg (1983)
Subitizing

Between 2 and 5 years old

A

Children can subitize 1-3 items

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15
Q

Svenson + Sjoberg (1983)
Subitizing

Between 7 years old and adulthood

A

Children can subitize 3-4 items

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16
Q

Svenson + Sjoberg (1983)
Subitizing

At what age can we subitize 3-4 items?

A

Between 7 and adulthood

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17
Q

Piazza et al., (2011)

Theory for limited subitizing capacity in early age?

A

Visuo-spatial working memory

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18
Q

Piazza et al., (2011)

As VS WM capacity increases

A

So does subitizing capacity

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19
Q

(Schleifer + Landerl, 2011)

How might dyscalculia (math disability) affect subitizing?

A

Children with D have STEEPER subitizing slopes

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20
Q

(Schleifer + Landerl, 2011)

“Children with dyscalculia have steeper subitizing slopes”

What does this mean?

A

As number of dots increases, so does RT (time spent subitizing)

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21
Q

“The system dedicated to the perception of small numerosities (3-4 items)”

A

Subitizing

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22
Q

Preschool children can subitize 1-3, older children can subitize 3 to 4. However, there is

A

Variability

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23
Q

The subitizing system is most likely related to the

A

Visuospatial working memory

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24
Q

The ANS (Approximate Number System) is based on

A

Estimation

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25
The ANS is used for large/small numerosities
Large
26
ANS involves an ________ representation of large numerical quantities
Approximate
27
Example of an ANS task
"Which has more dots?"
28
Ratio effect in ANS
Ability to discriminate between large quantities relates to the RATIO of numerical sets
29
12 dots vs 16 dots How would you work out the ratio?
16/12
30
20 dots vs 16 dots What is the distance?
4
31
If the ratio is close to 1,
It is hard to discriminate
32
If the ratio is far from 1,
It is easy to discriminate
33
This ratio is easy to discriminate
Far from 1
34
As the ratio increases, the percent ________ also increases
Correct
35
What is a Gaussian curve?
Internal continuum of numbers - each number is 1 Gaussian curve
36
Gaussian Curve Each numerosity is represented
As a Gaussian curve
37
Gaussian curves follow a _____ model
Linear
38
Gaussian Curve No overlap indicates
High accuracy
39
Gaussian Curve Overlapping indicates
Low accuracy
40
Gaussian Curve With 9 and 8, there is _____ overlap
Huge
41
Gaussian Curve overlapping is negatively correlated with
Accuracy
42
Weber Fraction The lower,
The better
43
Xue + Spelke (2000) What ratio can 6 month old infants correctly detect?
Ratio 2 (i..e 8 vs 16)
44
Xu + Arriaga (2007) 10 month old infants can correctly detect a ratio of
1.5
45
1.5 This is the ratio a _____ old infant can detect
10
46
(Halberda et al., 2012) Proposed that there is ___________ of the ANS from childhood to adulthood
Rapid amelioration
47
(Halberda et al., 2012) Proposed there is rapid amelioration of the ANS from childhood to adulthood, then
A slow decline
48
Starr et al., (2013) ANS acuity predicts
Later math achievement
49
Weber Fraction is a way of measuring
ANS acuity
50
Libertus et al., (2011) ANS acuity in preschool correlates with
Math achievement
51
ANS acuity is correlated with math achievement in both __________ and __________
Preschoolers | Adolescents
52
ANS acuity is reduced in children with
Dsycalculia
53
What difficulties are faced when studying the ANS? (4)
1. Reliability 2. Perceptual confounds 3. Influence of executive skills 4. Does the ANS exist?
54
ANS studies Reliability is _____
Low
55
How do we know reliability is low in ANS studies?
- Diff. ANS tasks have weak correlations | - Low test-retest reliability
56
(DeWind + Brannon, 2016) Found different ANS tasks have weak
Correlations
57
(DeWind + Brannon, 2016) Found different ANS tasks have _____ correlations
Weak
58
Limitations of ANS studies What does 'Perceptual Confounds' refer to?
Idea that spatial dimensions covary with numerosity
59
Perceptual Confounds Spatial dimensions covary with numerosity, e.g. (4)
Density Area Perimeter Item size
60
GIlmore et al.., (2013) _______ may explain the relation between ANS and math achievement
Inhibition
61
Is there a real ANS? Which theory challenges the idea of an ANS?
Sensory-intergration theory
62
Sensory-intergration theory Proposes numerosity estimation is ACTUALLY the product of (2)
1. Non-numerical sensory cues | 2. Non symbolic stimuli
63
Part of the motivation to study mathematical cognition comes from
Increasing awareness that many struggle with mathematics
64
There is ______ in RT for each additional item in the subitizing range
Small/NO RT INCREASE
65
There is a larger increase in RT per item outside the ....
Subitizing range
66
___________ in subitizing may be related to the development of counting skills
Individual differences
67
When using the ANS, irrelevant visual information (e.g. surface area) has to be ignored. This is known as...
Inhibitory control
68
When using the ANS, irrelevant visual information (e.g. _____) has to be ignored. This is known as inhibitory control
Surface area
69
Inhibitory control
The ability to suppress irrelevant information
70
A smaller Weber fraction denotes
More accurate number representations

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