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Vygotsky Flashcards

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1
Q

4 Infant Elementary Functions

A

Attention
Sensation
Perception
Memory

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2
Q

Vygotsky believed infants are born with what functions (4)

A

Attention
Sensation
Perception
Memory

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3
Q

Vygotsky believed that how we think is a…

A

Function of the social/cultural world we grew up in

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4
Q

How might socio-culture influence child’s play?

A

Because children often imitate in play

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5
Q

Socio-culture determines the (2)

A
  1. Type of activity we engage in

2. The things we learn

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6
Q

Morelli et al., (2003)

Observed toddlers in 3 different communities:

A
  1. US
  2. The Efe people (Congo)
  3. Indigenous Mayan group
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7
Q

Morelli et al., (2003)

Method

A

Observation of toddlers in 3 communities

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8
Q

Morelli et al., (2003)

Findings

A

Efe/Mayan children imitated adult work in their play more

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9
Q

How might socio-culture influence problem-solving?

A

Influences how familiar we are with thinking/reasoning about certain topics

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10
Q

Cole et al., 1971

Problem Solving

Participants (2)

A

The Kpelle people of Liberia

US participants

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11
Q

Cole et al., 1971

Problem Solving

Findings

A

US - better at estimating length

Kpelle - better at estimating rice quantities

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12
Q

Cole et al., 1971

Problem Solving

Why were the Kpelle people better at estimating rice quantities?

A

Daily activity for them

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13
Q

Luria (1979)

Participants (2 groups)

A

Group 1 - traditional unschooled farmers

Group 2 - farmers with formal schooling

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14
Q

Luria (1979)

Method

A

Showed 4 pics

Asked to pick 3 that went together

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15
Q

Luria (1979)

Findings (educated farmers)

A

Made an ‘abstract category’

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16
Q

Luria (1979)

Findings (non-educated farmers)

A

Made decisions based on practical situations

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17
Q

Luria (1979)

What was the ‘abstract category’ made up of

A

Spade, axe, saw

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18
Q

Chen, Mo + Honomichl (2004)

Method

A

Pps given 2 problems

One analogous to Hansel and Gretel, one analogous to The Elephant Tale

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19
Q

Chen, Mo + Honomichl (2004)

Coming up with a ‘Hansel and gretel’ like idea is an example of

A

A culturally specific solution (West)

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20
Q

Chen, Mo + Honomichl (2004)

Which condition were the US participants better at?

A

Hansel and Gretel-like tale

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21
Q

Chen, Mo + Honomichl (2004)

Which condition were the Chinese participants better at?

A

The one analogous to ‘The Elephant Tale’

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22
Q

Language

Subtle differences in language can lead to….

A

Noticeable differences in cognition e.g. maths

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23
Q

Gordon, 2004

What was found regarding the Amazonian languages?

A

No number words for > 5

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24
Q

Gordon, 2004

In two Amazonian languages there are no words for >5. As a result

A

Individuals from this culture can only solve math problems easily <5

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25
Gordon, 2004 However, if children from the Amazonian culture learn a language...
With number words >5, they become better at solving math problems
26
Gordon, 2004 Children become better at math if they learn a language with number words >5. This supports
The idea that language can influence numerical skills
27
Zuber et al., 2009 German speaking children often...
Have problems converting spoken numbers to written numbers
28
What did Vygotsky believe is an important tool for the speech--> thought transition?
Self-speech
29
Inessential for children's cognitive development
Self-speech
30
Vygotsky Children's behaviour is first controlled
By adults instructions
31
Vygotsky's Inner Speech stages (3)
1. Behaviour first controlled by adults 2. In private, speech said out loud 3. Monologues become internalised
32
At what age does Inner Speech emerge?
7 years
33
Inner speech, otherwise known as
Thought
34
Two pieces of evidence suggesting Vygotsky was right about self-speech?
Berk (1992) | Behrend et al., (1992)
35
Berk (1992) When do children engage in more self-speech? (3)
1. Challenging 2. Making mistakes 3. Confused about what to do
36
Behrend et al., (1992) Children who engage in self-speech...
- More attentive | - Perform better on cog. tasks
37
A central concept in Vygotsky's work: the zone
Of proximal development
38
Children's cognition improves through...
Interacting with people
39
Children's cognition improves through interaction, especially those who
Are more experienced or knowledgeable
40
The zone of proximal development
Increase in development a child can reach through assistance with a more competent person
41
Vygotsky believed children work best in
The zone of proximal development
42
Vygotsky's ZOPD was developed further by Bruner, who introduced
Scaffolding
43
Bruner (1983)
Scaffolding
44
What does Bruner's (1983) scaffolding theory suggest?
Children's learning is enhanced when competed people provide a 'framework' that supports it at a higher level
45
Scaffolding is _______ as the child becomes more capable
Adjusted
46
3 ways of Scaffolding
1. Modelling an action 2. Suggesting a strategy 3. Restructuring into manageable chunks
47
Wood et al., (1976) Proposed
5 important aspects of scaffolding
48
Wood et al., (1976) 5 aspects of scaffolding 1. Recruitment 2. 3. 4. 5.
2. Reduction of DOF 3. Direction maintenance 4. Marking critical features 5. Demonstration
49
Wood et al., (1976) What does the 'recruitment' stage involve?
You need to engage a child's interest
50
Wood et al., (1976) What does the 'reduction of degrees of freedom' stage involve?
Reduce number of steps needed to arrive at solution
51
Wood et al., (1976) What does the 'direction maintenance' stage involve?
Need to maintain a child's motivation
52
Wood et al., (1976) What does the 'marking critical features' stage involve?
Highlighting important features
53
Wood et al., (1976) What does the 'demonstration' stage involve?
Model the solution So learner can imitate
54
Behrend et al., (1992) What was found regarding scaffolding?
Scaffolding (supportive learning environment) --> more private speech --> more successful children
55
Behrend et al., (1992) Supported both (1) and (2)
Self-speech Scaffolding
56
Devine, Bignardi + Hughes (2016) Parental scaffolding while children did a jigsaw puzzle...
Predicted academic attainment 1 year later
57
Devine, Bignardi + Hughes (2016) Parental scaffolding during jigsaw predicted academic attainment 1 year later. WHY?
Supported development of high-level cognitive skills (i.e. WM)
58
Aside from parents, what else can help scaffold learning?
Computers
59
Why can computers be useful scaffolding partners (2)
Feedback | Access to knowledge
60
van Rosmalen et al., (2007) How can computers enable productive peer tutoring?
Sharing knowledge/exchanging competencies/emotional support
61
Freund (1995) RQ:
Do Vygotskian educational methods help?
62
Freund (1995) Participants
3-5 year olds
63
Freund (1995) Conditions (2)
1. Alone with Fback from experimenter | 2. With mother through guided learning
64
Freund (1995) Method
Help a puppet decide which furnishings they should put in rooms of a dollhouse
65
Freund (1995) Which participants performed better on final task?
Children who worked with mothers
66
(Johnson + Johnson, 1989) Suggested motivation is enhanced when....
Working with another person
67
Co-operative learning means the child has to (3)
Explain Persuade Resolve conflicts
68
Teasley (1995) Collaborative learning increases
Self-speech
69
Tudge (1992) When is collaborative learning NO MORE EFFECTIVE than working alone?
If peers don't modify their behaviour (scaffold)/aren't competent
70
Ratner, Foley + Gimpert (2002) Repeated _______ task
Freund's (1995) dollhouse
71
Ratner, Foley + Gimpert (2002) Repeated Freund's dollhouse task and found
Many 5 y/o's in the collab condition thought THEY had made certain actions when it was in fact the adult
72
Ratner, Foley + Gimpert (2002) Many children incorrectly thought it was them who made certain decisions. What is this called?
Attribution errors
73
Ratner, Foley + Gimpert (2002) Interestingly, the attribution errors led to
Greater learning (better memory for location of furniture)
74
Ratner, Foley + Gimpert (2002) What was the conclusion?
Collaboration = greater learning
75
Major difference between Piaget's and Vygotsky's theories?
``` Piaget = child's OWN EFFORTS Vygotsky = child's SOCIOCULTURAL ENVIRONMENT ```
76
Piaget would suggest that self-speech is
Egocentric
77
Piaget Does culture influence development?
NO
78
Children learn best when they are in their ___________ and when ________________
Zone of proximal development | Peers/adults use scaffolding
79
While Piaget would say self-speech is a sign of egocentricity, Vygotsky would say it
Marks a transition between language for communication and language for thought
80
Piaget and Vygotsky were both...
Constructivists
81
"Progresses in distinct, discontinuous stages" Vygotsky or Piaget
Piaget
82
"Progresses more flexibly and continuously" Vygotsky or Piaget
Vygotsky
83
"The order of development is influenced by various factors" Vygotsky or Piaget
Vygotsky
84
"The order does not differ between children" Vygotsky or Piaget
Piaget
85
Ratner, Foley + Gimpert (2002) Collaboration -->
Attribution errors --> Greater learning/memory
86
Co-operative learning means the child has to explain ideas/resolve conflicts. This involves (2)
1. Examining own ideas | 2. Greater articulation

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