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BDS3 > PMHP > Flashcards

PMHP Flashcards

1
Q

3 main skills in communication needs with patients?

A
  1. Telling expert advice
  2. Listening
  3. Reasoning
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2
Q

4 main communication skills with patients when asking CO history for example? OARS

A
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3
Q

4 stages for behavioural change management?

RARR

A
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4
Q

What should you do if an individual has decided they cannot quit their addiction?

A

Advise to cut down to reduce harmful risks

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5
Q

Why are E-Cigs used? - benefits to user

A
  1. Aid smoking cessation
  2. Less toxic
  3. cheaper
  4. Can use where cig banned
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6
Q

Pros and cons of E-cigs for public health?

A
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7
Q

5 stages for a clinician helping a patient with smoking cessation?

AAA AA

A
  1. ASK
    - how many a day (measurement = 20 [1pack] /day = 1 pack year)
    - when started
    - what product (roll up / cig)
    - tried to quit before (how many times / what helped / want help now?)
  2. ADVISE
    - on personal benefit from examination and general health
  3. assess
    - person willing to quit this time (two factors - confidence and willingness)

(ACT):
4. assist
- send in direction of pharmacist / help groups

  1. arrange
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8
Q

oral effects of smoking

A
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9
Q

Smoking cessation products

A
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10
Q

nicotine withdrawal symptoms

A
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11
Q

benefits of quitting smoking to patient

A
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12
Q

What is a critical appraisal? and what are the 3 things to consider while doing this? and when would this be done?

A
  • Process of assessing and interpreting evidence by considering its:
    1. validity
    • Focused Q (PICO)
    • conduct of study
      • well randomised
      • finish with everyone started with
      • did they know what treatment they got
      • groups equally treated
  1. results
    • effect of treatment
  2. relevance
    • link to what your looking for
  • to compare quality of outcome of different types of treatment for the same issue (i.e. carious tooth, hall technique or composite success rate)
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13
Q

What is the tool used to help critically appraise trials and what does it help with?

A

CASP (critical appraisal skills programme)

helps make sense of trials and thus compare two outcomes

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14
Q

what is the pneumonic used for finding papers when doing a critical appraisal? and what are the 4 definitions of each letter?

A

PICO

population
- how describe group of people intervention is for
Intervention
- What is the new thing being done to patient
Comparison
- what current treatment comparing intervention to
outcome
- desired or undesired

example:

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15
Q

What are the 3 factors involved in ensuring the results of a clinical trial are sufficient? (Statistics)

A
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16
Q

what is a care bundle in improvement of dental systems?

A

Way of improving the system to help the patient and thus the outcome

example

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17
Q

what is done for water fluoridation and what is its purpose?

A
  • adjust water fluoride conc. to 0.5-1.2ppm (depends on climate as drink more)
  • by adding hydrofluorosilic acid / hexafluosilicic acid / sodium fluorosilicate / sodium silcofluoride
  • to decrease caries prevalence while preventing fluorosis
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18
Q

what is done for water fluoridation and what is its purpose?

A
  • adjust water fluoride conc. to 0.5-1.2ppm (depends on climate as drink more)
  • by adding hydrofluorosilic acid / hexafluosilicic acid / sodium fluorosilicate / sodium silcofluoride
  • to decrease caries prevalence while preventing fluorosis
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19
Q

UK legalisation effecting water fluoridation and reviews that have taken place

A

Also Catfish study

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20
Q

what is Scotlands alternative to fluoridating the water supply now?

A

Focusing on Childsmile while reviewing english progression

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21
Q

CATFISH study for water fluoridation:
1. what is it reviewing (2)
2. why being done
3. results

A
22
Q

Error in healthcare:
1. causes (1 main one with 4 sub sections)
2. causes of risk
3. how to reduce errors

A
23
Q

what was the main legal case in regards to consent that changed how consent was confirmed? and what happened? and what was the change to consent laws?

A

consent law now states ‘informed consent’ required

24
Q

major legal cases in regards to consent in recent history?

A

Montgomary vs Lanarkshire health board (2015)

25
Q

Role of GDP in regards to head and neck cancer

A
  • early detection (soft tissue exams)
  • photos, notes
  • refer
  • pre-treatment assessment
26
Q

when to refer a patient for suspicion of head and neck cancer?

A
27
Q

What is the name for the team of medical bodies working together for a cancer patient?

A

Multidisciplinary team (MDT)

28
Q

Aim and Treatment by a GDP for a patient about to start head and neck cancer treatment?

And what is the specific oral hygiene advice given (5)

A
29
Q

what are the oral effects of head and neck cancer treatment? (10)

A
30
Q

Aim of Childsmile? why it was made? when was it made?

A

aim: improve oral health of scottish children and reduce inequalities in oral health and access to dental services

why:
- had 60% caries rate in children
- water fluoridation not an option
- advice was not not enough alone (ineffective on less affluent)

when: made in 2005, trialled from 2006 and made national in 2011

31
Q

what are some of the upstream and downstream actions of childsmile

A

upstream:
- national / local policies
- legalisation

downstream:
- clinical prevention
- chair side OHI
- school dental health education
- media campaigns

32
Q

What type of approach did the government take towards childsmile

A

theory based approach

33
Q

what is done in the nursery child-smile programme? and hat are its positives and negatives?

A
34
Q

what are other aspects of childsmile that dont link to child care

A
  1. caring for smiles for elderly
  2. dental practice visits
  3. working with disability services
35
Q

what are the parts of childsmile for school and what are its benefits (similar to nursery)

A
36
Q

what are the main 3 sectors covered by childsmile?

A
  1. school / nursery
  2. GDP
  3. community services
37
Q

general alcohol information

A
  • safest way to drink = 14 units a week and evenly over 3 days
  • alcohol turns into acetaldehyde (carcinogenic part) then acetate then co2 and water
  • antihistamines make stomach empty faster
  • blood alcohol peaks 1 hr after consumption and declines over 4 hrs
  • 90%metabolised in liver, 2-5% excreted in sweat/breath/urine
  • women worse - smaller blood volume and alcohol assumed more before metabolised (as less dehydrogenase)
  • effect on boy = anaesthetic, sedation, dopamine and serotonin
  • genetic risk of alcoholism
38
Q

possible negative effects of heavy drinking on body

A
  • NCTSL (acidic alcohol/vomiting/reflux/brutism)
  • hypertension
  • liver problems
  • vitamin deficiencies
  • pancreatic disease
  • osteoperosis / malacia
  • poor wound healing
  • epilepsy
  • oral cancer
  • xerostomia
  • osteomyelitis
  • stroke
  • cardiac arrhythmias
  • violence trauma
  • dental trauma
39
Q

1 unit : ml and percentages for different types of alcohol

A
  1. beer 4% 250ml
  2. spirit 40% 25ml
  3. wine 13% 76ml
  4. cider 4.5% 218ml

14 units = 6 pints, 6 wines, 14 shots

40
Q

In behaviour science when is someone most open to change.

A

can in some way relate to the adverse effects of something:

  1. witnessing someone else’s negative effect
  2. experiencing their own negative effect
41
Q

definition of domestic abuse? and the two types? who most at risk?

A

any form of physical, verbal, sexual, psychological or financial abuse - at home, elsewhere or ONLINE

types: situational couple violence and coercive and controlling behaviour violence

women 16-24 / long term illness or disability / mental health problem

42
Q

what are types of coercive control in domestic abuse?

A
  1. isolation
  2. degredation
  3. micro-regulation of entire life
  • often charming to everyone else
43
Q

what is the purpose of ACES in children

A

Adverse childhood events (4 or more = more likely to be victim or perpetrator of violent abuse)

  • abuse (physical, emotional, sexual)
  • neglect (physical, emotional)
  • household dysfunction (mental illness, relative in prison, mother treated bad, substance abuse, divorce)
44
Q

signs of domestic abuse

A
  • repeated injuries
  • bruises at multiple stages of healing
  • unlikely explanations for injury
  • bruising: facial, neck, fingertip, behind ears
  • delayed seeking for help for injury
  • tries covering up
  • can be trafficking
45
Q

stages of AVDR in domestic abuse investigation? and what are supportive items you can give them?

A

ASK - about injury / abuse

VALIDATE - show your concern

DOCUMENT - quotes / photos

REFER - signpost to correct location / give call line details (card or covert lip-balm)

46
Q

What is SIMD and what is it used for

A

Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation

Used to target policies/resources at area with greatest need

47
Q

What is a null hypothesis

A

When the two factors of a hypothesis have no significant difference (maybe a bad CI?)

48
Q

Definition of prevalence and incidence

2 types of prevalence

A

Prevalence = number of cases of disease in specific population at specified period of time

Types = point prevalence (for specific point of time), and period prevalence (for specified period of time)

Incidence = rate of NEW cases of disease in a specific population over specific period of time

49
Q

Dependence in addiction meaning

A

Dependence = state of relying on to feel normal / being controlled by

50
Q

What are the 6 types of studies for research

A
  1. Observational uncontrolled studies
    - what happens to a group of people being treated with something
  2. Case/series report
    - report on single patient / series of similar patients (to identify disease outcome - no control)
  3. Cross sectional study
    - observe specific population at a SPECIFIC POINT IN TIME - identify exposure and outcome at same time

CONTROLLED STUDY:

  1. Cohort study
    - observe specific group of people over A PERIOD OF TIME and identify who gets disease and exposures (DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COHORT AND CROSS SECTIONAL)
  2. Case control study
    - study of people with a disease and suitable control group without disease (looks back at exposures to find cause)
  3. RANDOMISED CONTROLLED STUDY
    - gold standard - best results
    - people randomly placed in two groups (control and intervention)
    - design elements:
    I - specify participants (inclusion/exclusion) - age, disease/severity, exact definitions (unambiguous)
    II - control / comparison groups
    III - randomisation.
    IV - blinding/ masking
51
Q

How to avoid bias in studies

A
  • double blind (masking) - researchers and subjects don’t know who is placebo and who is not
  • same people finish with that started with (all ethnicity etc)
  • proper random selection, not selected from specific group
52
Q

What is the gold standard study model?

What is the use of blinding / masking

Advantages and disadvantages

A

Randomised controlled trial (clinical trial)

Participant / researcher / assessor of outcome / data analyst / administrator - could treat person dif if know what group in

Good
- gives strongest and most direct evidence for something
- blinding = more true actual results (proven by as much as 40%)

Bad
- more difficult to design (ethical issues, cost)
- still chance of bias
- not suitable for all research questions

BDS3 (14 decks)

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