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TEC1 - Semester 2 > PNA 2 > Flashcards

PNA 2 Flashcards

(89 cards)

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1
Q

Which Csp projections are there?

A

AP Open Mouth
AP Lower Cervical
Neutral Lateral
Oblique
Flexion-Extension
Articular Pillars

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2
Q

Describe AP Open Mouth (APOM)

A

FFD: 102 cm
KVp: 70
collimate: 18x24
Central ray: through uvula

mouth open as wide as possible; line joining lower border of upper incisors and mastoid processes is perpendicular to film/receptor

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3
Q

Describe AP Lower Cervical (APLC)

A

FFD, KVp, collimate same as APOM;
Central ray: hyoid (C4 body)

Line joining lower edge of chin to base of occiput is perpendicular to film

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4
Q

How should the tube be angled in APLC and why?

A

15 degrees cephalad

helps in visualization of uncinate processes and joints of Luschka

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5
Q

What does an APLC show?

A

lower five cerv. vertebrae (with their components), upper 2-3 thoracic vertebrae and ribs, medial border of clavicles, lung apices, trachea, neck muscles

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6
Q

Describe the lateral (neutral) projection

A

FFD: 183cm
KVp: 70
collimate: 18x24
central ray: C4

line joining lower edge of chin to base of occiput is perpendicular to film

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7
Q

Describe Anterior oblique

A

FFD, KVp and collimate: same as lateral
tube angulation: 15 caudad
central ray: C4

facing film, body rotated 45 degrees, turn head so face is parallel to film; marker placed behind spine

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8
Q

Describe posterior oblique

A

FFD, KVp, collimate, central ray: same as anterior oblique
tube angulation: 15 cephalad

facing tube, body rotated 45, head turned so face is parallel to film;
marker placed in front of spine

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9
Q

Describe flexion projection

A

FFD, KVp, collimate, central ray: same as ones before

chin tucked in = flexed neck

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10
Q

Describe extension projection

A

FFD, KVp, collimate, central ray: same as ones before

neck bent as much as possible

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11
Q

Extension/Flexion and Lateral demonstrate the same anatomy. What else can you assess with extension/flexion?

A

patterns of global and intersegmental motion as well as ligamentous stability

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12
Q

Describe pillar projection

A

FFD: 102cm
KVP, collimate: same
tube angulation: 35 caudad
central ray: thyroid cartilage

face turned 45 away from involved side

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13
Q

What does pillar projection demonstrate?

A

articular pillars, zygapophyseal joints, laminae, SPs

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14
Q

Describe thoracic AP

A

FFD: 102cm
KVp: 80
Central ray: C6

top of film is 2 inches above shoulders; on inspiratin

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15
Q

What does thoracic AP demonstrate?

A

Tsp, posterior rib heads, lung fields, mediastinum

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16
Q

Describe thoracic lateral

A

FFD, KVp, central ray: same as AP

top is 2 inches above shoulders, hands on opposite elbows, arms parallel to floor
during shallow breathingW

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17
Q

What does lateral demonstrate?

A

Tsp, ribs, lung fields, heart

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18
Q

Describe thoracic Swimmer’s

A

FFD: 102cm
KVp: 90
central ray: T2, anterior to tube side shoulder, through sternal notch

body rotated 20 from film. arm close to film is flexed, hand placed on head. arm close to tube is extended, placed on hip

during suspended expiration

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19
Q

What does throacic Swimmer’s demonstrate?

A

cervicothoracic junction area

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20
Q

What are the lumbar projections?

A

AP
Lateral
Oblique
AP or PA lumbosacral spot
lateral lumbosacral spot

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21
Q

Describe AP

A

FFD: 102cm
kVp: 90
collimate: 14x17
central ray: midline, an inch below crests

on suspended expiration

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22
Q

What does AP demonstrate?

A

lumbar vertebrae, pelvis, hips, proximal femora, soft tissues of abdomen

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23
Q

Describe Lateral

A

FFD, kVp: same as AP
collimate: 7x17
central ray: an inch above crests, midway between ASIS and PSIS

arms on opposite shoulders, on suspended expiration, if >45 years: 14x17

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24
Q

What does lateral demonstrate?

A

T12-L5, sacrum, coccyx, soft tissues of pelvis, abdomen and lower chest

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25
Describe Anterior Oblique
FFD, kVp: same as AP collimate: 10x12 central ray: an inch above crest, 2 inches above SP on raised side semi-prone/standing, body rotated 45, on suspended expiration, marker behind spine
26
What does anterior oblique demonstrate?
posterior neural arch elements, TPs, pedicle, articulating processes, facet joints, pars interarticularis, lamina + vertebral bodies and abdominal soft tissues
27
Describe Posterior Oblique
FFD, kVp and collimate same as AO central ray: an inch aboce crests, 2 inches medial to ASIS semi-prone/standing, body rotated 45, on suspended expiration, marker in front of spine
28
Describe AP lumbosacral spot
FFD, kVp, collimate: same tube angulation: 25 cephalad central ray: midline, level ASIS no gonadal shielding
29
Describe PA lumbosacral spot
FFD, kVp, collimate: same tube angulation: 25 caudad central ray: midline, level ASIS no gonadal shielding
30
What does PA lumbosacral spot demonstrate?
L5 vertebrae, L5-S1 disc, upper sacrum, SIJ
31
Describe lateral lumbosacral spot
FFD, kVp: same collimate: 8x10 central ray: 1-2 inches below crest, 3-4 inches anterior to posterior body surfaces
32
Describe Flexion/Extension
FFD, kVp: same collimate: 10x12 central ray: at crests, 2 inches posterior to mid-axillary line patient seated. either flexed or extended
33
Describe left lateral bending
FFD, kVp, collimate: same as flexion/extension central ray: midline, 1 inch above crests patient seated. bent either to left or right
34
Describe sacrum AP
FFD: 102cm kVp: 80 collimate: 10x12 tube angulation: 15 cephalad central ray: midline, between pubic symphisis and ASIS
35
What does it demonstrate?
sacrum, SIJ, coccyx, lumbosacral joint
36
Describe sacrum lateral
FFD: 102cm kVp: 90 collimate: 10x12 central ray: at ASIS, 3 inches posterior to mid-axillary line
37
What does it demonstrate?
sacrum, lumbosacral joint, coccyx, presacral soft tissues
38
Describe AP coccyx
FFD: 102cm kVp: 80 collimate: 8x10 tube angulation: 10 caudad central ray: midline, 2 inches posterior to pubic symphysis
39
What does it demonstrate?
coccyx, lower sacrum
40
Describe lateral coccyx
FFD: 102cm kVp: 90 collimate: 10x12 central ray: an inch superior to greater trochanter, 5 inches posterior to mid-axillary line
41
What does it demonstrate?
coccyx and lower sacrum
42
Describe full spine AP
FFD: 84 inches kVp: 90 collimate: 14x36 central ray: xiphoid process filter top half, OM, gonadal and breast shielding, on suspended expiration
43
Describe AP hip
FFD: 102cm kVp: 80 collimate: 17x14 central ray: midline, midway between pubic symphysis, iliac crests feet medially rotated 15
44
What does it demonstrate?
acetabulum, pelvis, joint space, femoral head, neck, trochanters, proximal diaphysis
45
Describe frog leg hip
FFD: 102cm kVp: 80 collimate: 10x12 central ray: midpoint of line between ASIS and pubic symphysis, 2 inches away from umbilicus legs in frog leg position
46
What does it demonstrate?
acetabulum, pelvis, joint space, femoral head, neck, trochanters, proximal diaphysis
47
Describe AP knee
FFD: 102cm kVp: 70 collimate: 8x10 tube angulation: 5 cephalad central ray: apex of patella foot medially rotated
48
Describe lateral knee
FFP, kVp, collimate: same as AP tube angulation: 12 cephalad central ray: anterior border of medial tibial condyle
49
Describe knee tunnel
FFD, kVp, collimate: same central ray: through popliteal space patient on all fours, weight on uneffected side
50
Describe alternate knee tunnel
FFD, kVp, collimate: same tube angulation: 45 caudad central ray: popliteal space knee flexed 45
51
Describe skyline knee
FFD, kVp, collimate: same central ray: perpendicular through joint space patient prone, hyperflexion of knee
52
Describe ankle AP
FFD: 102cm kVp: 60 collimate: half of 10x12 central ray: perpendicular through mid-malleolar plane slight dorsiflexion, leg medially rotated
53
Describe ankle medial oblique
FFD, kVp, collimate: same central ray: at level of malleoli leg medially rotate, so intermalleolar line forms 35-45 degree angle with cassette
54
Describe lateral ankle
FFD: 102cm kVp: 60 collimate: 8x10 central ray: through medial malleolus slight dorsiflexion, lateral part of affected ankle in contact with cassette
55
Describe dorsiplantar foot
FFD: 102cm kVp: 50 collimate: half of 10x12 tube angulation: 10 cephalad central ray: base 3rd metatarsal
56
Describe medial oblique foot
FFD, kVp, collimate: same central ray: base 3rd metatarsal leg medially rotated so plantar surface forms 45 angle with cassette
57
Describe foot lateral
FFD: 102cm kVp: 50 collimate: 8x10 central ray: mid-foot at navicular lateral part of foot against cassette. ankle dorsiflexed to 90
58
Describe tangenital calcaneous foot
FFD: 102cm kVp: 55 collimate: 8x10 tube angulation: 40 cephalad central ray: 2 inches above base of calcaneous foot dorsiflexed to 90
59
Describe dorsiplantar and oblique toes
FFD: 102cm kVp: 50 collimate: half of 8x10 central ray: through PIP joint
60
Describe AP external rotation shoulder
FFD: 102cm kVp: 70 collimate: 10x12 central ray: coracoid process patient angled 35, UL externally rotated
61
Describe AP internal rotation shoulder
FFD, kVp, collimate: same central ray: coracoid process patient angled 35, UL internally rotated
62
Describe abduction shoulder
FFD: 102cm kVp: 70 collimate: 12x10 central ray: coracoid process patient angled 35, humerus abducted 90, elbow flexed 90
63
Describe transthoracic lateral humerus shoulder
FFD: 102cm kVp: 90 collimate: 10x12 tube angulation: 10 cephalad central ray: mid-humeral shaft on full inspiration
64
Describe AP ACJ
FFD: 102cm kVp: 70 collimate: 8x10 tube angulation: 5 cephalad central ray: through ACJ 2 scans. one with and one without 15 pound weight
65
Describe AP elbow
FFD: 102cm kVp: 60 collimate: quarter of 10x12 central ray: antecubital fossa shoulder and elbow on same plane, hand supinated
66
Describe oblique elbow
FFD: 102cm kVp: 60 collimate: quarter of 10x12 central ray: perpendicular to antecubital fossa shoulder and elbow on same plane, hand pronated
67
Describe lateral elbow
FFD, kVp, collimate: same central ray: through elbow joint elbow flexed 90, hand lateral, ulnar aspect on cassette, humerus and forearm on same plane
68
Describe Jone's tangential elbow
FFD, kVp, collimate: same central ray: 2 inches above olecranin process elbow hyperflexed, distal humerus on cassette
69
Describe PA wrist
FFD: 102cm kVp: 60 collimate: quarter of 10x12 central ray: through mid-carpals loosely clenched fist
70
Describe PA Ulnar Deviation Wrist
FFD, kVp, collimate: same central ray: through scaphoid extreme ulnar flexion
71
Describe lateral wrist
FFD, kVp, collimate: same central ray: at radial styloid forearm lateral
72
Describe PA hand
FFD: 102cm kVp: 50 collimate: 8x10 central ray: head of third metacarpal
73
What does it demonstrate?
oblique view of thumb
74
Describe medial oblique hand
FFD, kVp, collimate: same central ray: head of 2nd metacarpal
75
What does it demonstrate?
lateral view of thumb
76
Describe lateral hand
FFD, kVp, collimate: same central ray: head of 2nd metacarpal hand rests on ulnar aspect, fingers should be positioned so that they dont superimpose
77
Describe bilateral Ballcatcher's hand
FFD: 102cm kVp: 50 collimate: 10x12 central ray: centre of cassette hands cupped, 5th metacarpal joints are in contact with cassette
78
Describe PA, Oblique and Lateral fingers
FFD: 102cm kVp: 50 collimate: third of 8x10 central ray: through PIP
79
Describe AP thumb
FFD: 102cm kVp: 50 collimate: third of 8x10 central ray: through interphalangeal joint hand in extreme internal rotation, so thumb rests on posterior surface
80
Describe lateral thumb
FFD, kVp, collimate: same central ray: through interphalangeal joint
81
What are the skull projections?
Lateral PA Caldwell's Lateral sinuses Water's Projection for sinuses, orbits, zygomatic arches
82
What does the lateral projection demonstrate?
lateral cranial structures closest to bucky, sella turcica, sphenoid sinus, occipitocervical junction, calvarium
83
What does PA Caldwell's projection demonstrate?
frontal bone, frontal sinus, ethmoid sinus, orbits, sphenoid wings, petrous ridges, internal auditory canals
84
What does lateral sinus and facial bones projection demonstrate?
maxilla, hard palate, maxillary sinus, ethmoid sinus, sphenoid sinus, frontal sinus, orbits
85
What does Water's projection demonstrate?
maxillary sinuses, ethmoid sinuses, frontal sinuses, orbits, zygomatic arches
86
Describe PA chest
FFD: 72 inches kVp: 100-110 collimate: 14x17 central ray: centre of cassette on 2nd deep inspiration
87
Describe lateral chest
FFD, kVp, collimate: same central ray: centre of cassette patients arms crossed overhead, on 2nd deep inspiration
88
Describe Apical Lordotic Chest
FFD, kVp, collimate: same tube angulation: 35 cephalad central ray: centre of cassette
89
Describe AP KUS (kidney, ureter, bladder) abdomen
FFD: 102cm kVp: 70 collimate: 14x17 central ray: midline, at level of iliac crests on suspended expiration

TEC1 - Semester 2 (14 decks)

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