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TEC1 - Semester 2 > RAD Measurements > Flashcards

RAD Measurements Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Martin’s basilar angle?

A

the angle formed between three strutures: nasion, center of the sella turcica, basion
it measures the relationship between the anterior skull and its base

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2
Q

What is the average normal angle and the normal variation of this angle?

A

137
123-143

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3
Q

What is platybasia?

A

an abnormal flattening of the skull base with an base of skull angle over 143

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4
Q

Platybasia causes symptoms when associated with another condition. What condition is it?

A

basilar invagination

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5
Q

What is basilar invagination?

A

abnormality of the craniocervial junction, where the tip of the odontoid process projects above the foramen magnum

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6
Q

What is McGregors line?

A

a line drawn from the posterosuperior margin of the hard palate to the most inferior surface of the occipital bone.
then the relationship of the odontoid apex to the line is examined

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7
Q

What are normal measurements for this line?

A

> 8mm in males and >10mm in females

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8
Q

What does an abnormal superior position of the odontoid indicate?

A

basilar impression

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9
Q

What is Chamberlain’s line?

A

a line drawn from the posterior margin of the hard palate to the posterior aspect of the foramen magnum.
the relationship of the line to the tip of the odontoid is assessed

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10
Q

How should the odontoid be positioned in relation to the line and what is a normal variation?

A

the odontoid shouldnt lie superior, but usually a variation of 3mm is normal

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11
Q

What is the atlantodental interspace (ADI)?

A

the space measured between the posterior margin of the anterior tubercle and the anterior surface of the odontoid

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12
Q

When is an decreased ADI to be expected?

A

with advancing age due to DJD of the atlantodental joint

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13
Q

What are causes for an increased ADI?

A

trauma, occipitalization, Down’s syndrome, pharyngeal infections, inflammatory arthropathies

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14
Q

What is the normal ADI?

A

1-3mm in adults, 1-5mm in children

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15
Q

What is atlantoaxial alignment?

A

comparison of the lateral margins of the lateral masses of the atlas to the lateral corner of the axis articular surface

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16
Q

What is the normal measurement for it?

A

vertical alignment bilaterally

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17
Q

What does it indicate if the lateral margin of atlas’ lateral mass lies lateral to the lateral axis margin bilaterally?

A

Jefferson’s fracture

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18
Q

And what about it being present unilaterally?

A

rotatory atlantoaxial subluxation

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19
Q

What is the cervical gravity line?

A

a vertical line drawn through the apex of the odontoid

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20
Q

What should the line normally touch?

A

the anterosuperior corner of C7 body

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21
Q

What happens when the line lies anterior to C7?

A

more forces are going through the discs

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22
Q

What happens when the line lies posterior to C7?

A

more forces go through the facets

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23
Q

What is George’s line?

A

a continous line connecting the posterior vertebral body surfaces. disruption of the line indicates trauma, condition or whatever

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24
Q

What is the posterior cervical line?

A

line drawn at each spinolaminar junction. most anterior part of the convexity is compared between the levels

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25
What is the sagittal dimension of the cervical spinal canal?
measurement of the diameter between the posterior surface of the midvertebral body and the nearest surface of the same segmental spinolaminar junction line
26
When is a narrowing/stenosis present?
When the diameter is less than 12mm
27
What is an abnormally widened canal associated with?
spinal cord neoplasm or syringomyelia
28
How does the measurement for the cervical lordosis work?
two lines are drawn: 1) through and parallel to the inferior endplate of C7 2) through the midpoints of the anterior and posterior tubercles of C1 --> perpendiculars drawn to point of intersection, where the angle is measured
29
How is the Retropharyngeal interspace (RPI) measured?
anteroinferior corner of C2 to air shadow of the pharynx
30
What is the maximum for RPI?
7mm
31
How is the Retrotracheal interspace (RTI) measured?
from anteroinferior corner of C7 to the air shadow of the trachea
32
What is the maximum for RTI?
21mm
33
Which people may have reduced or increased spaces?
patients > 82kg: increased by 1mm patients > 70y: decreased by 1mm
34
How is the thoracic kyphosis measured?
1. line drawn along T1 superior endplate, line drawn aling T12 inferior endplate 2. perpendicular are drawn from both lines until they meet 3. resultant angle is measured
35
What is considered a normal maximum for the kyphosis?
55-65 degrees
36
Explain the Copp-Lippman Method for scoliosis measurement.
1. identify the most superior and inferior bodies of the curve 2. draw line along superior endplate of the uppermost vertebrae and a line along the inferior endplate of the lowest vertebrae 3. draw perpendicular lines from these lines 4. measure resultant angle
37
Explain the Risser-Ferguson Method for scoliosis measurement.
1. draw diagonal lines from opposing corners of the uppermost, apical and lowest vertebrae to find their midpoints 2. draw line from the center of uppermost to apical vertebrae 3. draw line from center of apical to lowest vertebrae 4. measure angle at intersection
38
How is the lumbar lordosis measured?
1. line drawn through and parallel to the superior endplate of L1 2. line drawn through superior endplate of first sacral segment 3. perpendiculars 4. angle at intersection
39
What is the normal variation in lumbar lordosis?
50-60
40
What is the lumbar gravity line/ Ferguson's gravitational line?
center of L3 is determined by drawing diagonal lines from opposing corners of the body. Then a vertical line is drawn from that point
41
What does the lumbar gravity line assess?
the position of L3 in relation to the upper sacrum
42
What does an anterior position (in relation to the sacrum) indicate?
increased forces on the disc. may contribute to early DDD
43
What does a posterior position of the line indicate?
increased weight on the posterior facet joints, promoting DJD and LBP
44
Which part of the sacrum should the line ideally pass through?
at or at least near the anterosuperior corner of the sacral base
45
How is Meyerding's grading method for spondylolisthesis achieved?
superior surface of the first sacral segment is divided into four equal parts. Then the relative position of the posteroinferior corner of L5 to these parts is assessed
46
What are the different grades?
1: corner aligned within 1st division = up to 25% slippage 2: corner aligned within 2nd division = up to 50% 3: corner aligned within 3rd division = up to 75% 4: corner aligned within 4th division = up to 100%
47
What is spondyloptosis?
when the vertebral body has completely slipped
48
What is Eisenstein's method for sagittal canal measurement?
1) line that connects the superior and inferior articular process 2) midpoint of the posterior body margin is determined 3) distance between the midpoint and the line is measured
49
For one lumbar level this method doesnt work. Which one is it and where are the measurements made instead?
L5 between the spinolaminar junction and the posterior body
50
How is the width of the symphysis pubis measured?
by measuring the distance between the opposing articular surfaces
51
What are normal values for males and females?
males: 4,8-7,2mm females: 3,8-6mm
52
What is Shenton's line?
a line drawn along the undersurface of the femoral neck that continues across the joint to the inferior margin of the superior pubic ramus
53
What is an interrupted line indicative of?
hip dislocation, femoral neck fracture, slipped femoral capital epiphysis
54
How is the femoral angle measured?
two lines through and parallel to the midaxis of the femoral shaft and neck. Angle where they meet is measured.
55
What is considered coxa vara and valga?
Coxa vara: < 120 coxa valga: > 130
56
What is Klein's line
a line tangenital to the outer margin of the femoral neck is drawn. Then the degree of overlap with the femoral head is assessed
57
When should slippage of the femoral capital epiphysis be suspected?
when the head doesnt overlap the line or if theres asymmetry
58
What is Boehler's angle?
the three highest points on the superior calcaneous are connected with two tangenital lines. The posterior angle that is created by those lines is measured
59
What is a normal angle?
30-35
60
What is present when the angle is > 28?
a calcaneal fracture or dysplasia
61
How is the ACJ space measured?
space measured at superior and inferior aspect. Then the average of those two points is taken
62
When is a decrease typically present?
with osteoarthritis

TEC1 - Semester 2 (14 decks)

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