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TEC1 - Semester 2 > TEC1 - Semester 2: Lower Extremity > Flashcards

TEC1 - Semester 2: Lower Extremity Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of the LE?

A
  • locomotion
  • carry weight of entire erect body
  • subject to exceptional forces
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2
Q

What are the components of the LE?

A

femur, patella, tibia & fibula, bones of foot

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3
Q

Describe the femur.

A
  • largest, longest and strongest bone
  • larger Q-angle in women
  • articulates with acetabulum, tibia and patella
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4
Q

Describe the patella.

A
  • sesamoid bone; contained within patellar ligament
  • improves leverage of thigh muscles
  • articulates with femur
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5
Q

Describe the tibia.

A
  • receives body weight from femur and transmits it to foot
  • articulates with femur, fibula (proximally and distally), interosseous membrane
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6
Q

Describe the fibula.

A
  • NOT weight bearing
  • increases surface for muscle attachment
  • stabilizes ankle joint
  • articulates with tibia, lateral talus and interosseous membrane
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7
Q

Describe the hip joint.

A
  • between femur and acetabulum
  • ball and socket joint
  • multiaxial synovial, diarthrodial
  • good ROM
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8
Q

Describe the knee joint (femur + tibia)

A
  • modified hinge joint
  • biaxial synovial, diarthrodial
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9
Q

Describe the knee joint (femur + patella)

A
  • plane joint
  • uniaxial synovial, diarthrodial
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10
Q

Describe the proximal tibia + fibula joint.

A
  • plane gliding
  • synovial, diarthrodial
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11
Q

Describe the distal tibia + fibula joint.

A
  • fibrous
  • synarthrotic
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12
Q

Describe the ankle joint.

A
  • between tibia, fibula, talus
  • hinge
  • uniaxial synovial, diarthrodial
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13
Q

What does the joint stability in the lower limb depend on?

A
  • stability in hip, knee and ankle joints
  • stability of dynamic structures (muscle, tendon, fascia): ability to adjust length in response to demands
  • integrity of ligaments in flexion and extension
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14
Q

What is the Angle of Inclination?

A

angle between long axis of neck of femur and shaft in frontal plane

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15
Q

Where is the normal angle of inclination?

A

115-140 degrees. usually less in women

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16
Q

What is Coxa Vara?

A

when angle is less than 115 degrees

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17
Q

What does coxa vara result in?

A
  • shortening of limb
  • reduction of load on femoral head
  • load on femoral neck increased
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18
Q

Causes for coxa vara?

A

trauma, congenital, Paget’s disease, Perthe’s disease, osteomyelitis, osteogenesis imperfecta, tumors

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19
Q

What is coxa valga?

A

when angle is greater than 140 degrees

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20
Q

What does coxa valga result in?

A
  • lengthening of limb
  • reduction of load on femoral neck
  • load on femoral head is increased
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21
Q

Causes for Coxa Valga?

A

skeletal disease, spasticity, cerebral palsy, spinal dystrophism, poliomyelitis

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22
Q

What is the angle of torsion?

A

angle of femoral neck in the transverse planew

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23
Q

what is the normal angle of torsion?

A

12-15 degrees

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24
Q

What is anteversion?

A

angle of torsion is >15 degrees

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25
What happens to the femur in anteversion?
internal rotation of femur -> toes face inward
26
What is retroversion?
angle of torsion is <15 degrees
27
What happens to the femur in retroversion?
external rotation of femur -> toes out
28
Name the hip ligaments.
iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral, ligamentum teres
29
Describe the iliofemoral ligament.
- one of the strongest in the body - anterior - v-shaped
30
Describe the pubofemoral ligament.
- medial inferior - blends with iliofemoral - limits abduction and external hip rotation
31
Describe the ischiofemoral ligament.
- posterior - spirals around to ant greater trochanter - limits internal rotation
32
Describe the ligamentum teres.
- intracapsular lig - attaches head of femur to floor of acetabulum - contains an artery
33
Which function do all four ligs perform?
limit extension of the hip
34
Where is the COG and how is the weight distributed in bilateral limb stance?
COG: between the two hips, equal force exerted on both hips weight: body weight minus that of the legs is supported equally on femoral heads
35
What happens in single leg stance?
- COG moves distally and away from the supporting leg - non-supporting leg becomes a part of the body mass and acts upon weight-bearing hip - stance leg abductors offset the change in COG
36
What does the knee joint do?
flexion and extension in sagittal plane, small rotational component in transverse plane
37
Which muscle tendons reinforce the capusle?
quadriceps, semimembranosus
38
What is the Q angle?
angle formed between the quadriceps muscles and the patella tendon
39
What is the normal Q angle in males and females?
m: 10-14 f: 15-17
40
What is genu valgum & varus?
genu valgum: >20 genu varus: <10
41
Name the ligaments of the knee.
medial & collateral ligaments, ACL, PCL, ligamentum patallae
42
What do the medial & lateral collateral ligaments do?
protect against valgus strain
43
Which function do all ligaments perform?
prevent excessive extension
44
What is the Pes Anserine of the knee?
insertion of the sartorius, gracilis and semitendinosus muscles
45
Describe the ACL and PCL.
ACL: protects against anterior shear forces. Taut during extension. PCL: protects against posterior shear forces. Taut during Flexion
46
What are functions of the menisci?
- shock absorption - increase congruency between condyles of femur and those of tibia - moves synovial fluid through joint
47
What happens in the locking mechanism of the knee?
femoral condyles roll on tibial condyles mostly in sagittal plane. in the last few degrees of extension, it slightly rotates in transverse plane to lock the knee
48
How does the locking mechanism effect the tibia and the ACL?
tibia: rotates laterally ACL: becomes taut -> also causes external rotation of tibia
49
How is the knee unlocked?
by contraction of popliteus -> femur rotates laterally and tibia medially
50
What are the functions of the patella?
- reduce tendon/ligament strain - spread forces to condyles - increase force of quadriceps
51
What are the ligaments of the prox. tibiofibular joints?
Anterior & Posterior Tib-Fib, Lat collateral ligament
52
What are the main joints of the foot and ankle?
- ankle: tibia/fibula and talus - intertarsal and tarsal-metatarsal - metatarsal-phalangeal -interphalangeal
53
Describe the ankle joint.
Hinge, uniaxial, synovial, diarthrodial
54
Describe the intertarsal & tarsal-metatarsal joints.
- Plane, ball and socket, condyloid - Synovial, diarthrodial
55
Describe the metatarsal-phalangeal joints.
Condyloid, synovial, diarthrodial
56
Describe the interphalangeal joints.
Hinge, uniaxial, synovial, diarthrodial
57
What are the functions of the foot and ankle?
1. support of body weight 2. lever to propel body forward 3. shock absorber
58
What are distal tib-fib ligaments?
inf. ant. & post. tib-fib, transverse tib-fib ligaments
59
Other joints of ankle and foot?
> talo-crural > subtalar > talo-calcaneal-navicular > calcaneo-cuboid
60
Describe the talo-crural joint.
- synovial, uniaxial, hinge - between sup. talus and inf. surface of medial malleolus (of tibia) - between lat. talus and med. surface of lateral malleolus (of fibula)
61
Lateral collateral Talo-crural ligaments?
Anterior & posterior talofibular ligament, calcaneofibular ligament
62
What is their function?
resist inversion of ankle
63
Medial collateral talo-crural ligaments?
Anterior & Posterior tibiotalar lig., tibiocalcaneal and tibionavicular
64
What is their function?
resist eversion of ankle
65
Which movements does the joint allow?
plantarflexion and dorsiflexion
66
Describe the subtalar joint.
- synovial condyloid - between ant, post and middle facets of talus and facets on calcaneus
67
Ligaments of that joint?
interosseous, lateral, medial, posterior and anterior talo-calcaneal
68
What is their function?
stabilize against excessive movements
69
Which movements does the joint allow?
pronation and supination -> movement in all three axes
70
Describe the talo-calcaneo-navicular joint
- synovial, multi-axial, tri-planar ball and socket joint - between distal head of talus, prox. surface of navicular and plantal calcaneonavicular ligament
71
Which movements does the joint allow?
pronation/ supination, inversion/eversion
72
Ligaments of the joint?
- talonavicular, interosseous talocalcaneal and plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
73
Describe the calcaneocuboid joint.
- between distal surface of calcaneus and prox. surface of cuboid - least mobile joint in the body
74
Why is the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (=spring ligament) so important?
is a static restraint of medial longitudinal arch. supports head of talus from plantar and medial subluxation when standing
75
Describe the interphalangeal joints.
- synovial hinge joints - flexion and extension
76
Describe the metatarsophalangeal joints.
- condyloid joints - permit flexion, extension, adduction, abduction
77
Describe the intermetatarsal joints.
- plane gliding joints

TEC1 - Semester 2 (14 decks)

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