Flashcards in Pneumonia/ TB Deck (68)
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1
What is pneumonia?
Acute inflammation of the lung parenchyma
May be infectious or not infectious
2
How do microbes enter the lungs?
Inhalation or aspiration of secretions from the oropharynx
3
Where can the microbes also enter besides the lungs?
Bloodstream
4
What are normal defenses against pneumonia?
Cough reflex
Pulmonary macrophages
Nasopharyngeal defenses
Cilia lining the respiratory tract
5
What do endotoxins cause?
Congestion and edema
6
What releases endotoxins?
Microbes
7
What happens to the alveoli and bronchioles when they are invaded?
Inflammation
Immune response
8
What are the different ways pneumonia is acquired?
Bacterial
Viral
Fungi
Aspiration
9
How does bacterial pneumonia occur?
Entrance to the lungs via bloodstream
Aspiration of resident bacteria
Person to person via droplet
10
Characteristics of bacterial pneumonia?
Damage cells and usually in one lung
Even distribution of microbes
11
What is the most common of bacterial pneumonia?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
12
What is a hospital associated bacterial pneumonia?
Staph aureus
13
What is walking pneumonia?
Caused by mycoplasmas
Symptoms similar to but milder than those of bacterial or viral pneumonia
14
Walking pneumonia typically affects what population?
School-age children and adults under 40.
15
How does viral pneumonia occur?
Enter from upper airway and infiltrate alveoli in one or both lungs
16
Characteristics of viral pneumonia?
Invade cells and kill them, send out debris
Patchy distribution
Influenza and adenovirus
17
What are some other causes of infectious pneumonia?
Fungi and protozoa
18
What is aspiration pneumonia?
Infectious or non-infectious
Chemical injury and inflammatory response
19
What are some causes of aspiration pneumonia?
Food
Emesis
Reflux
Hydrocarbons
20
What are some complications of pneumonia ?
Bronchiectasis
Pleuritis
Pleural effusion
Lung abscess
Empyema
21
What are risk factors for pneumonia ?
Infants
Elderly
HIV/AIDS
Cancer, organ transplant
Chronic illnesses- DM, cardiac, respiratory
Endotracheal intubation (VAP)
NG tubes
Smoking, alcoholism
22
What is VAP?
Ventilator Associated Pneumonia
23
Why are infants at risk?
Immature immune system
24
Why are the elderly at risk?
Decreases cough and gag
25
What are some ways of prevention of pneumonia?
Early identification and appropriate treatment
Vaccines
26
What are some types of vaccines for pneumonia?
Pneumococcal
PCV13- children under 2
PPSV23- adults
Hib- children under 2
Influenza
27
What are some clinical manifestations of pneumonia?
Fever, chills
Cough (productive, purulent)
Chest pain
Blood-tinged sputum
SOB
Decreased appetite
Cyanosis
Crackles
Wheezing
28
What are the lifespan considerations with infants and children?
Airway shorter and more narrow
High risk of obstruction
Higher O2 consumption
Tachypnea, intercostal retractions, nasal flaring
Blood cultures
Usually bacterial
Recover faster than adults
Common in kids with CF
29
What are the lifespan considerations of older adults?
Decreased cough and gag
Thick, viscous secretions
Decreased cilia
Meds, H/O smoking, COPD
30
