Politics and Economics at the End of the Twentieth Century

Question 1

Nixon policy that offered federal “block grants” to states to spend as they saw fit.

Answer 1

New Federalism

Question 2

New federal agency during Nixon administration that…

…oversees programs to combat water and air pollution

…cleans up hazardous waste

…requires “environmental impact” statements from projects

Answer 2

Environmental Protection Agency

Question 3

New federal agency under the Nixon administration that…

…sends inspectors to U.S. workplaces

Answer 3

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

Question 4

New federal agency under the Nixon administration that…

…instructs automobile makers on how to make cars safer

Answer 4

National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)

Question 5

New federal agency under the Nixon administration that…

…prohibits spending federal funds on projects that might hurt an endangered species

Answer 5

Endangered Species Act

Question 6

Federal law that set air quality standards for carbon monoxide

Answer 6

Clean Air Act

Question 7

Nixon proposal for a “negative income tax”

Replace the Aid to Families with Dependent Children – a New Deal program that provided limited assistance

Federal government would guarantee a minimum income for a family

Failed to win passage in Congress – too radical for conservatives and not enough for liberals

Answer 7

Family Assistance Plan

Question 8

Nixon plan to pursue “affirmative action” by requiring construction contractors to hire minority workers

Nixon saw the Plan as a way to fight inflation

Nixon abandoned in May 1970

Answer 8

Philadelphia Plan

Question 9

Nixon appointee for Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, replacing Earl Warren

Answer 9

Warren Burger

Question 10

Supreme Court case…

…unanimous affirmation of transportation for school integration

…judges then ordered busing as a tool to achieve integration

…busing then became a focal point for protests

Answer 10

Swann v. Charlotte-Meckleburg Board of Education

Question 11

Supreme Court rulling that the constitution did not require equal school funding – education was not a fundamental constitutional right

Each school district in Texas relied on some state funding and some property taxes for funding so poor districts had less funding than rich districts

Answer 11

San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez

Question 12

Supreme Court rulling that absolved suburban school districts responsibility for integrating urban schools

Answer 12

Milliken v. Bradley

Question 13

Supreme Court ruling that found that even racially neutral job requirements like a written exam were illegal if they excluded disproportionate number of non-white applicants

Answer 13

Griggs v. Duke Power Company

Question 14

View that minorities were granted special advantages over whites.

Claimed to be a violation of the Fourteenth Amendments equal protection clause

Answer 14

“reverse discrimination”

Question 15

Supreme Court ruling that…

…upheld program that set quotas for training, hiring non-whites

…allowed because private program did not violate Fourteenth Amendment

Answer 15

United Steel Workers of America v. Weber

Question 16

Supreme Court ruling that…

…overturned admissions program at U.C. Davis which had set aside 16 of 100 places in the medical school class

…Justice Powell had rejected the idea of a fixed quota

…race could still be used as aone factor among many in admissions

Answer 16

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

Question 17

Congress banned gender discrimination in higher education

Led to much higher number of women participating in sports

Answer 17

Title IX

of the Education Amendments Act of 1972

Question 18

Law that required married women to be given access to credit in their name

Answer 18

Equal Opportunity Act

Question 19

Term coined by Tom Wolfe to define the idea that the “freedom to choose” for oneself was the highest ideal

Answer 19

“Me Decade”

Question 20

Nixon’s National Security Advisor and Secretary of State

Answer 20

Henry Kissenger

Question 21

General who came to power in Chile after the CIA had destabilized the regime of Salvador Allande

He ultimately tortured and murdered 1000s of Allande supporters

Nixon continued to support

Answer 21

General Augusto Pinochet

Question 22

Suprise visit based on assessment that this country was different than the Soviet Union and that it was destined to play a major role on the world stage

Answer 22

Nixon to China in 1972

Question 23

Treat between the U.S. and Soviet Union that froze each countries arsenal of ballistic missiles

Answer 23

SALT

Question 24

Banned development of systems to intercept incoming missiles under theory that without the system, neither country would be tempted to attack the other

Answer 24

Anti-Ballastic Missile Treaty

Question 25

Term used to describe peaceful coexistence and cooperation between the United States and Soviet Union

Answer 25

detente

Question 26

Nixon's claim during the Election that would allow him to end the Vietnam War

Answer 26

"secret plan"

Question 27

Nixon ordered troops to enter this country The effort did not help the Vietnam War but rather destabilized the country and set in motion events that led to the Khmer Rouge

Answer 27

Cambodia

Question 28

Four univesity students and antiwar protesters were killed by the Ohio National Guard

Answer 28

Kent State

Question 29

Company of American troops killed 350 Vietnamese civilians Lieutenant Calley found guilty

Answer 29

My Lai Massacre

Question 30

Classified report tracing history of Vietnam War Showed how presidents had mislead the American people Supreme Court rejected Nixon's request for an injuction to prevent the New York Times from publishing

Answer 30

Pentagon Papers

Question 31

Congress asserted control over foreign policy by requiring the president to seek congressional approval for committment of American troops overseas

Answer 31

War Powers Act of 1973

Question 32

Compromise that... ...left the government of South Vietnam in place ...left North Vietnamese and Viet Cong in control of some parts of the South ...had Americans cease bombing and allowed the American draft to end

Answer 32

Paris Peace Agreement of 1973

Question 33

Nixon created in order to keep track of reporters, politicians and celebrities whom he distrusted

Answer 33

"enemies list"

Question 34

Nixon's special investigative team that gathered information, often through unlawful means

Answer 34

"plumbers"

Question 35

Found out that it was someone close to the president who had ordered the break in to the Democratic Party headquarters at the Watergate apartments

Answer 35

*Washington Post* Reporters Woodward and Bernstein

Question 36

Investigated the history of abuse by American presidents and found... ...FBI had spied on American citizens ...CIA had conducted secret operations to overthrow governments Undermined public confidence in government

Answer 36

Church Committee

Question 37

Congress strengthened this law to allow scholars, journalists to gain access to federal records

Answer 37

Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)

Question 38

In 1971, for the first time the United States imported more goods than exported Three-quarters of American goods were competing with foreign goods Manufacturing workforce was down to 28%

Answer 38

merchandise trade deficit

Question 39

Nixon decision that allowed... ...world's currencies to float in relation to each other ...value of currencies would be determined by the market

Answer 39

US off of the Gold Standard

Question 40

Result of... ...Brief war between Israel and Egypt and Syria in 1973 ...Egypt decision to quadruple the price of oil Led to... ...Congress lowering speed limit to 55 ...reduction of heating and lighting in public buildings ...production of oil in Alaska and coal in Wyoming

Answer 40

Oil Shock

Question 41

Combination of stagnant economic growth (2.4%) and high inflation (10%)

Answer 41

stagflation

Question 42

Succeeded Nixon after his resignation Had been named Vice President to replace Spiro Agnew

Answer 42

President Ford

Question 43

One of President Ford's first acts Controversial but allowed country to move forward

Answer 43

Ford pardoned Nixon

Question 44

Ford's slogan to encourage people to reduce inflation

Answer 44

Whip Inflation Now

Question 45

Agreement between the United States and Soviet Union putting in place the post World War II boundaries Inspired freedom movements in some countries in Eastern Europe

Answer 45

Helsinki Accords

Question 46

Carter narrowly defeated Ford Campained as an outsider and promised "I'll never lie to you"

Question 47

Accident at Pennsylvannia nuclear reactor that released radioactive steam into the atmosphere Reinforced fears of environmental hazards

Answer 47

Three Mile Island

Question 48

Central to Carter's foreign policy Influenced by Amnesty International and International League for Human Rights

Answer 48

Human Rights

Question 49

Brought together the leaders of Israel and Egypt and helped negotiate a peace agreement

Answer 49

Camp David

Question 50

Agreement between the United States and Soviet Union to reduce the number of missiles, bombers and warheads

Answer 50

SALT II

Question 51

Overthrew the shah of Iran in 1979 Declared Iran to be an Islamic republic Marked a shift from socialism and Arab nationalism to religious fundamentalism Led to capture of 53 Amercans being held at the embassy

Answer 51

Khomeini and Iranian Hostage Crisis

Question 52

Foreign policy whereby... ...U.S. would use military force to protect interests in Persian Gulf ...Placed embargo on grain exports to Soviet Union ...Boycott of the 1980 Olympic games ...withdrew SALT II from consideration by the Senate

Answer 52

Carter Doctrine

Question 53

refers to the rise of religious fundamentalism that expanded conservatism's base

Answer 53

Relgious Right

Question 54

Created the Moral Majority Devoted to waging war against sin and electing "pro-life, pro-family, pro-America" candidates

Answer 54

Jerry Falwell

Question 55

Originally proposed in 1920s by Alice Paul Revived by a second wave of feminists Failed to achieve ratification by the requried 38 states

Answer 55

Equal Rights Amendment

Question 56

California ban on further increases in property taxes Windfall for businesses and home owners Anti-tax sentiment flourished

Answer 56

Proposition 13

Question 57

Denounced control of large land areas by the Bureau of Land Management in Washington DC Insisted states have decision making authority over grazing rights, mining development, fishing and hunting

Answer 57

Sagebrush Rebellion

Question 58

Carter's approval rating had fallen to 21% Reagan's campain themes included... ...end stagflation ...restore dominant role of America ..."Let's make America great again"

Answer 58

Election of 1980

Question 59

Term used to describe economic freedom including... ...curtailing of union power ...dismantling regulations ...reducing taxes

Answer 59

Reaganomics

Question 60

Reduced top tax rate to 28%

Answer 60

Tax Reform Act of 1986

Question 61

Reagan's approach to economic growth Included... ...high interest rates to curb inflation ...lower tax rates to stimulate private investment Government income would rise despite lower tax rates

Answer 61

"supply side economics"

Question 62

PATCO union struck in August 1981 in violation of federal law Reagan fired and replaced with military personnel

Answer 62

Air Traffic Controllers

Question 63

Term for young urban professional Earned a high income Spent lavishly on designer clothing and other luxuries

Answer 63

Yuppie

Question 64

Deregulation of savings and loan associations led to the bankruptcy that ultimately cost taxpayers $250 billion

Answer 64

Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation and the savings and loan crisis

Question 65

Reagan defeated Mondale

Answer 65

Election of 1984

Question 66

Reagan's term for the Soviet Union

Answer 66

"evil empire"

Question 67

Space-based system to intercept and destroy enemy missiles Not feasible Would violate the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty

Answer 67

Strategic Defense Inititative (SDI)

Question 68

Invasion of Grenada Bombing of Libya Marines to Lebanan (of whom 241 were killed by bomb)

Answer 68

Military Deployments under Reagan

Question 69

Scheme in which the CIA and NSC diverted funds from the sale of arms to the Middle East to rebels fighting the Sandinista government in Nicaragua

Answer 69

Iran-Contra Affair

Question 70

Reagan's counterpart in the Soviet Union with whom he developed a good working relationship

Answer 70

Gorbachev

Question 71

Gorbachev's reforms including openness and economic reforms

Answer 71

*glastost* (openness) and *perestroika* (economic reforms)

Question 72

Bush won 54% of the popular vote Gary Hart withdrew with accusations of adultery Democrats ridiculed vice-president

Answer 72

Election of 1988