The United States and the Early Cold War Flashcards by bob beard

French view of NATO whereby…

…West Germany was bulwark against Soviets

…Integration into Western alliance tamed German power

“Double Containment”

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Manuever used by Truman to increase wages as a way to avoid the threat of strikes disrupting the economy

“Fact Finding Boards”

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Truman’s term during the Election of 1948 for the Congress that did not support his agenda

“Do-Nothing Congress”

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Cold War was an ideological struggle for the “__________” of people throughout the world.

“hearts and minds”

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Prohibited union and employer agreement that requires workers to be a member of union

States that adopted these –Texas, Florida, North Carolina – experienced population growth and inflow of capital investment

“Right to Work” Law

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Police department units that gathered information on the political activities of citizens

“Red Squads”

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Word used to descibe…

…fascist Italy and Nazi Germany

…aggressive ideologically driven states

…subdue all of civil society including churches, unions

…left no room for individual rights or alternative values

“Totalitarianism”

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Word that was used to describe the opposite of freedom

The American Medical Association (AMA) raised the spector of this kind of medicine to discredit Truman’s proposed national health insurance

“Socialized”

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Intended to counter the Soviet opposition to organized religion

Congress added the words “_________” to the Pledge of Allegiance in the 1950s

“under God”

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Restored the pre-war status quo on the Korean penninsula

Divided Korea along the 38th parallel

Soviet-supported North Korea and U.S.-backed South Korea

Armistace in 1953

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Accused by Whittaker Chambers, the editor of Time Magazine, of passing secret government documents to the Soviets

Pursued by Richard Nixon

Ultimately convicted of perjury

Alger Hiss

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Led to downfall of McCarthy as it demonstrated he was a bully and browbeat

Senate ultimately censured McCarthy

Army-McCarthy Hearings

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Renounced policy of war and armed aggression for Japanese people

Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution

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Established with the McMahon/Atomic Energy Act

Controled peace time development of atomic science

Atomic Energy Commission

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Response to the Soviet Union blocking access to West Berlin

Eleven month effort to supply fuel and food

Demonstrated American committment to containment

Stalin lifted blockade in 1949

Berlin Airlift

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Divided into four zones: U.S., Britain, France, Soviet Union

Berlin

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Prevented persons accused of being communists from getting work in the entertainment industry

Blacklists

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Established to gather intelligence and do intelligence operations

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

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Examples included…

…secret funding of overseas publications, concerts

…sent jazz musicians and black performers abroad

…promoted Jackson Pollack’s abstract expressionism

…funded the Museum of Modern Art

…supported John Cage’s musical compositions

…supported George Balanchine’s choreography

CIA and Department of Defense Support for the Arts

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One of two covenants in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights that included freedom of speech

Ratified by the United States in 1992

Civil and Political Rights

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Middle class voters were alarmed by the labor turmoil

Many workers did not vote

Result was a surge in Republicans and control of both houses of Congress

Operation Dixie failed to unionize the South

Congressional Election of 1946

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Formulated by George Kennan

U.S. would forcibly stop communist aggression, expansion of power, whenever and whereever it occurred

The dominant policy of the Cold War and led America to become involved in conflicts like Vietnam

Containment Policy

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Factors included…

…British termination of financial aid

…threat of a communist-led rebellion

…Soviet demand for joint control of adjoining body of water

…trategic location near Middle East

Crisis in Greece and Turkey

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Supreme Court rulling that upheld the jailing of Communist Party leaders

Charges against leaders concerned their beliefs, not any actions they had taken

ACLU refused to defend the leaders

Dennis v. United States

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Name for southern delagates at the Democrat National Convention Walked out when Hubert Humphrey called for human rights

Dixiecrats

One of two covenants in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights that promoted the idea of right to housing and a fair wage

Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights

Truman won 49.7% and 303 electoral votes Dewey won 45.3% and 189 electoral votes Thurmond won 2.4% and 39 electoral votes Wallace won 2.4% and 0 electoral votes

Election of 1948

Formal name for the Marshall Plan

European Recovery Program

Food shortages and inflation were rampant Communist parties in France, Italy grew stronger in 1946-47 US had withdrawn from UN Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, opening up opporunity for Eastern Europe to advance communism with aid

Factors Leading to Marshall Plan

Eleven states establsihed fair employment practices commissions NAACP launced voter registration campaigns in the South with 20% of black southerners registered to vote by 1952 No lynchings in 1952 Jackie Robinson played Major League Baseball

Examples of Postwar Civil Rights Improvements

Desegrated the armed forces Issued by Truman

Executive Order 9981

Series of domestic programs to extend the social safety net including.. ...minimum wage ...public housing ...extension of Social Security ...employment of all workers ...national health insurance

Truman's Fair Deal

Established by Truman with Executive Order 9835 Intended to control against the possible communist influence in the government Investigated security risks espeically political afiliation and sexual orientation Employees not allowed to confront their accusers Resulted in 1,200 firings and 6,000 resignations

Federal Employee Loyalty Program or Loyalty Review Boards

Purpose was "substantial reduction in tariffs and other trade barriers and the elimination of preferences, on a reciprocal and mutually advantageous basis."

GATT Preamble

Members included... ...United States ...Japan ...SEATO (Southeast Asia Treat Organization) ...CENTO (Central Treaty Organization) Opposition to spread of communism

"Free World"

Created free trade and enormous markets for American goods Negotiated at United Nations and signed in 1947 Included the United States and twenty-three Western nations

General Agreement on Tafiffs and Trade (GATT)

"Our policy is directed not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos."

George C. Marshall in support of the Marshall Plan

American diplomat who wrote the Long Telegram, laying out the foundation for the "containment policy"

George Kennan

Reasons included... ...impossible to vew international crisis on case by case basis ...hard to determine which crisis genuinely involved freedom or an American interest

George Kennan's Criticism of the Cold War

Used the code name "Militant Liberty" Resulted in *The Red Menace* (1949) and *I Married a Communist* (1950)

U.S. Government Encouragement of Anti-Communist Movies

Nominee for president from the Progressive Party

Henry Wallace

Group of "unfriendly witnesses" who refused to answer questions from the HUAC Included Ring Lardner, Dalton Trumbo who were charged with contempt

Hollywood Ten

"I say the time has come to walk out of the shadow states' rights and into the sunlight of human rights"

Hubert Humphrey at the Democrat National Convention for Election of 1948

Launched hearings about communist influence in Hollywood Called well-known screenwriters, directors, actors to appear

House Un-American Activites Committee (HUAC)

Led by General Douglas MacArthur and forced the North Korean's to retreat northward Allowed MacArthur's army to occupy most of North Korea Truman's intention was to unite Korea under a pro-American government

Inchon Counterattack

Term used by Churchill to describe the line drawn by the Soviet Union between East and West Europe First used in a speech on March 5, 1946 in Fulton, Missouri

Iron Curtain

Played for Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947 Showed great dignity in the face of racial insults and verbal abuse Won the Rookie of the Year Award

Jackie Robinson

Announced he had a list of 205 communists working in the State Department Used the Senate Subcommittee he chaired to hold hearings and level wild charges with the intent of rooting out communist influence in the government, military, and entertainment industries

Joseph McCarthy

"Let us not assassinate this lad further. You have done enough. Have you no sense of decency, sir?"

Joseph Welch to McCarthy at the Army-McCarthy Hearings

Working class Jewish, communist couple from New York City Accused by David Greenglass of passing atomic bomb secrets to the Soviets Evidence was highly secret and not revealed in court Convicted by the jury of conspiracy to pass the secrets to the Soviets Executed in 1953

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

First hot war of the Cold War Result of Chinese-backed attack from the north to the south in a country that had Soviet and American zones since 1945

Korean War

Written by George Kennan, an American diplomat in the Soviet Union Prompted by an angry speech given by Joseph Stalin in February 1946 Argued that Soviets were not a "normal government and that their communist ideology would drive them to expand world wide Laid foundation for the "containment policy"

Long Telegram

"Old soldiers never die, they just fade away."

General MacArthur to Congress upon his return

"Supreme Commander" in Japan after World War II and until 1948

General Douglas MacArthur

Led Communists to victory in Chinese civil war Created the People's Republic of China

Mao Zedong

U.S. would provide economic aid to Europe for reconstruction 17 Western European nations became part of the plan Formally known as the European Recovery Program

Marshall Plan

Required Communist Party members to register with the Attorney General Made conspiracy to foaster communism a crime in the U.S. Barred "totalitarians" from entering the United States Reinforced view that a powerful government was the greatest danger

McCarran Internal Security Act of 1950

Required subversive groups to register with the government Allowed the denial of passports to members of certain groups Authorized deportation or detention on the order of the president

McCarran Internal Security Bill

Limited immigration from all regions except Northern and Western Europe Kept quotas in place Immigration officials could turn away any immigrant that they thought would threaten national security Was passed over Truman's veto

McCarran-Walter Act of 1952

Established to advice and assist the president on national security

National Security Council (NSC)

Alliance of United States, Canada and ten other nations including most of Western Europe Pledged mutual defense against possible future Soviet attack

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Called for the permanent military buildup in the United States Pursue global crusade against Communism 58-page report issued in April 1950

NSC-68

Campaign by AFL and CIO to bring unionization to the South Intended to shatter the hold of anti-labor conservatives on the region's politics Approximately 200 labor organizers entered the region Focused on textile, steel, and agricultural industries

Operation Dixie

Created with Mao Zedong's victory in Chinese Civil War Setback to policy of containment Blocked from occupying China's seat at the United Nations

People's Republic of China

Result of... ...drop in income due to surging prices ...lack of overtime pay due to economic slowdown ...AFL and CIO launching Operation Dixie Most pronounced in steel, auto, coal industries

Postwar Strike Wave

Formed by left-wing critics of Truman's foreign policy Nominated Henry Wallace for president Platform included... ...expansion of social welfare programs ...strong denunciation of racial segregation ...international control of nuclear weopons ...economic cooperation with the Soviet Union Willingness to acccept support from communists and socialists led to exodus of New Deal liberals from the Party

Progressive Party

Historical interpretation not found in "standard" history Scholars ignored the many historical ethnic and racial strains in history Read the American Creed of pluralism, tolerance, and equality back into the past as a timeless definition of Americanism

Revisionist History

Countries that remained under Soviet control Pro-communist governments installed Included Poland, Romania, Bulgaria Soviet Union claimed these countries were no different than Latin American countries under the influence of the United States

Satellite Countries

"Agriculture is important. Our rivers are full of fish. You cannot have freedom without liberty. Our future lies ahead."

Satirical Speech by Dewey

Told Truman to "scare hell" out of the Americans in order to gain support for forthcoming Truman Policy

Senator Vandernberg

Successfully tested in 1949 Suprised the United States Learned by measuring radiation levels

Soviet Atomic Bomb

Formed by the Dixiecrats Nominated South Carolina Governor Strom Thurmond for president Stood for individual liberty and freedom

States' Rights Democratic Party

Aided business owners in potential labor disputes Sought to reverse gains made by organized labor President had the authority to suspend strikes with an 80-day "cooling off period" Banned sympathy strikes and secondary boycotts Outlawed "closed shop", which required a worker to be union Authorized states to pass "right to work" laws Required union leaders to swear they were not communists Passed over Truman's veto

Taft-Hartley Act of 1947

Republican nominee for president in the Election of 1948 Overconfident Ineffective speaker Unwilling to commit on controversial issues

Thomas A. Dewey

Published by the Commission on Civil Rights and.. ...highlighted racial inequality in America ...called on federal government to abolish segregation ...called on federal government to ensure equal treatment in housing, employment, education, justice Hailed by Truman as "an American charter of human freedom"

*To Secure These Rights*

"Don't let them take it away"

Truman threatening that Republicans would take away Social Security

Committed the United States to a policy of containment Created the language for the postwar world including... ..."defense of freedom" ...support for "freedom-loving peoples"

Truman Policy

Included... ...permanent civil rights commission ...national laws against lynching ...national laws against poll taxes ...action to ensure equal access to jobs and education Congress approved none of the proposals

Truman Plan for Civil Rights

Result of the following series of events... ...Chinese troops intervening near Chinese border to stop the advance of Americans against the North Koreans ...MacArthur demanding to push north again ...Truman refusing to authorize, fearing all out war in Asia ...MacArthur criticism of Truman ...Truman re-enforcing the principle of civilian control of the military

Truman's Firing of MacArthur

Approved by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948; had been drafted by Eleanor Roosevelt Identified a broad range of rights to be enjoyed by all people... ...freedom of speech ...relgious toleration ...protection against arbitrary government ...social and economic entitlements Established idea that a nation's treatment of its own citizens was subject to outside evaluation and review

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Colonies borrowed the language of the Declaration of Independence U.S. backed away from pressuring Europeans to grant self-governance to... ...French Indonesia ...Dutch East Indies ...Gold Coast ...Nigeria ...Malaya

U.S. Lack of Support for Colonial Independence

J. Edgar Hoover developed files on many Americans McCarthy targeted New Deal and Roosevelt Businesses identified government intervention with socialism Businesses fought against unions White supremacists used against black civil rights

Uses of Anticommunist Sentiment

Reasons included... ...United States would be required to recruit and subsidze an "array of satellites, clients, dependents and puppets" ...intervene continuously in affairs of nations ...mistake to align against colonial independence in the name of anticommunism

Walter Lippman's Criticism of the Cold War

Defensive alliance with loyal Eastern European satellite nations Formed as a reaction against NATO

Warsaw Pact in 1955

Report by Truman's Commission on Immigration Called for replacing quotas based on national origins with more flexible system including family reunion, labor needs, political asylum

*Whom Shall We Welcome?*

The United States and the Early Cold War Flashcards

(85 cards)