The New Era: 1920s

Question 1

Idea of society that glorified ethnic diversity

Toleration of difference was part of American ideal

Coined by Horace Kallen

Answer 1

“Cultural Pluralism”

Question 2

Overturned law banning the use and teaching of the German language

“The protection of the Constitution extends to all, to those who speak other languages as wellas to those born with English on the tongue.”

Answer 2

Meyer v. Nebraska

Question 3

Movie attendence reached 80 million in 1929

Radio and phonograph purchases

Spread of celebrity culture

Answer 3

Growth of Leisure Activities

Question 4

Term used to describe the period and image of the liberated, urbanized 1920s, with a flapper as the dominant symbol of that era

Many rural, fundamentalist Americans deeply resented the changes in American culture that occurred in the “Roaring Twenties”

Answer 4

Jazz Age

Question 5

Characterized by Andre Siegfriend’s observation that:

debt and interest in consumer goods replaced thrift and self-denial

work became a path to consumption

Answer 5

“New Culture”

Question 6

Famous article that detailed ongoing repression including…

…lynching in Alabama, Arkansas, Florida

…beating of Columbia undergraduate who had defending free speech

…arrest of union leader in New Jersey and the arrest of 400 IWW workers

…refusal to allow socialist to speak

Answer 6

“Sweet Land of Liberty” article in the The Nation

Question 7

General uniformity of tastes and commonality of cultural experiences

Occured in America for the first time in the 1920s

People saw the same movies, read the same magazines, heard the same things on the radio

Answer 7

National Culture

Question 8

1922 conference in which the United States, Japan, Britain, France, Italy agreed…

…to build no more warships for 10 years

…to not attack each other’s possessions in the Pacific

Reflected the WWI sentiment to avoid military conflicts

Answer 8

Washington Naval Arms Conference

Question 9

Industry that…

….spread images of the American way of life

….achieved unprecedented influence in the 1930s

….became a way for Americans to escape their daily troubles

Answer 9

Hollywood and the Film Industry

Question 10

American sociologist and photographer

Used camera as a tool for social reform

Photographs were instrumental in changing child labor laws in the United States

Answer 10

Lewis Hine

Question 11

Position in the Election of 1924 included…

greater taxation of wealth, conservation of natural resources, public ownership of railroads, farm relief, end of child labor

Raised only $250,000 in political contributions despite endorsements

Received 1/6 of the vote but only carried his native Wisconsin

Answer 11

Robert La Follette

Progressive candidate in Election of 1924

Question 12

Hearings in Congress in 1912-1914 showed manipulation in the stock market

Answer 12

Pujo Hearings

Question 13

Name for a workplace free of government regulation and unions

Answer 13

Open Shop

Question 14

Barred works it deemed inappropriate from entering the country including

Ulysses by James Joyce

works by French satirist Rabelais

Answer 14

Customs Service

Question 15

Motivations for this group included…

…decline in traditional values

…increased visibility of Catholicism and Judaisim

…resented Protestant “Modernists”

Answer 15

Fundamentalist Revolt v. Modernism

Question 16

Italian immigrants accused of murdering two employees of a Massachusetts shoe company in 1920

They were anarchists as well as immigrants so many believed that nativist prejudice tainted their trial

After protests, they were executed in 1927

Answer 16

Sacco and Vanzetti

Question 17

Chemical

Aviation

Electronic

Answer 17

New Industries

Question 18

Published pamphlet called the The Sex Side of Life

Conviction for sending inappropriate material through the mail was overturned by Supreme Court

Answer 18

Mary Ware Dennett

Question 19

American photographer best known as first foreign photographer allowed to take pictures of Soviet industry and

First female photographer for Henry Luce’s Life magazine.

Answer 19

Margaret Bourke-White

Question 20

Indian born World War I veteran

Asserted that he was “pure Aryan” and thus could be naturalized because he was white

Supreme Court said “white” was not a scientific concept

Answer 20

Bhagat Singh Thind

Question 21

Organization that took part in many of the landmark “rights revolution” cases

Gave meaning to freedom of speech

Invented new rights like the “right to privacy”

Answer 21

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)

Question 22

Communist publisher of the Left-wing Manifesto

Convicted for violating a New York law prohibiting anarchy

Supreme Court upheld conviction but dissent by Holmes and Brandeis established Fourteenth Amendment obligation by states to not restrain freedom of speech and the press

Answer 22

Benjamin Gitlow

Question 23

Immigrant who filed for naturalization

Supreme Court rejected twice based upon definition of “whiteness” only applied to caucasions

Answer 23

Takao Ozawa

Question 24

Foreign policy in the 1920s characterized by the following statement:

“…in these days of competition, capital, trade, agriculture, labor and statecraft all go hand in hand if a country is to profit.”

Answer 24

Huntington Wilson, State Department

Economic Diplomacy

Question 25

1921 measure restricting European immigration Limited immigration from a particular country to only 3% of the immigrants from that country living in the United States in 1910

Answer 25

Emergency Quota Act of 1921 | (aka Johnson Act)

Question 26

Wrote *Home to Harlem* and *If We Must Die* One of leaders of Harlem Renaissance

Answer 26

Claude McKay

Question 27

Supreme Court ruling upholding the Espionage Act Declared that First Admendment did not prevent Congress from stopping speech that presented a "clear and present danger" Justice Holmes wrote that free speech "would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theatre and cuasing panic"

Answer 27

*Schenck v. United States*

Question 28

Journalist who repudiated the Progressive idea to apply intelligence to social policy; modern problems were beyond understanding of ordinary men Claimed the American voter was ill-informed Wrote *Public Opinion* and *The Phantom Public*

Answer 28

Walter Lippman

Question 29

Arrest of Tennesse teacher for violating state law prohibiting the teaching of evolution in public school Highlighted tension between two views of freedom: 1. Traditional "moral" liberty 2. independent thought ACLU hired Clarence Darrow to defend Prosecuter was William Jennings Bryan

Answer 29

Scopes Trial

Question 30

Group of American intellectuals and cultural exiles who moved to Paris in the 1920s Viewed America as bigoted, intellectually shallow, consumed with the quest for the dollar Included Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F. Scott Fitzgerald

Answer 30

"Lost Generation"

Question 31

Silent film actress Starred in "The It Girl"

Answer 31

Clara Bow

Question 32

Restricted immigration to 2% per year of each nationality as found int he 1890 census -- limited immigration to 150,000 per year Essentially ended immigration from southern and eastern Europe Barred all those ineligible for naturalization including all Asians except Filipinos

Answer 32

National Origins Act

Question 33

Characterized by... ...bobbed hair ...short skirt ...public smoking and drinking ...unapologetic use of birth control ...ability to perform wild dances like the Charleston

Answer 33

Flapper

Question 34

Adopted by the film industry in 1922 to prohibit nudity, long kisses, adultery being shown in films Supreme Court did not declare movies as protected by the First Admendment until 1951 in a case involving *The Miracle*

Answer 34

Hays Code

Question 35

"The chief business of the American people is business."

Answer 35

Calvin Coolidge

Question 36

Reborn in 1915 after the the lynching of Leo Frank, Jewish manager of company Had 3 million members by mid-1920s Attacked broad range of targets: ...blacks, ...Jewish and Catholic immigrants, ...movements like feminism, unions, immorality

Answer 36

Resurgence of Ku Klux Klan

Question 37

Italian actor starred in The Sheik, among other films Known as the "Latin Lover"

Answer 37

Rudolph Valentino

Question 38

Purchasing plan that emerged int he 1920s to facilitate consumption Instead of waiting to save the purchase price, consumers could make 36-48 "easy" payments on a refrigerator or an automobile Most cars bought on credit by 1928

Answer 38

Installment Plan

Question 39

British, French, and American oil companies divided oil regions in Middle East and Latin America

Answer 39

Red Line Agreement of 1928

Question 40

1927 film starring Al Jolson was the first movie with sound Story of the film deals with young Jewish man who has to choose between the "modern" and his Jewish past

Answer 40

*The Jazz Singer*

Question 41

On May 21, 1927, completed the first transatlantic flight from New York to Paris in his plane *The Spirit of St. Louis* Made him the most celebrated hero of the 1920s, many songs and headlines were devoted to him

Answer 41

Charles Lindbergh

Question 42

Characterized by... ...New York banks extending loans to European and Latin American governments ...New York banks financing billions of dollars of reparations payments by Germany ...industrial firms building overseas plants especially in auto, agricultural machinery, electrical machinery markets ...American investment to gain control of raw materials

Answer 42

Private Enterprise and Foreign Policy

Question 43

Motivation for this act include... ...desire for ideal population based on biology ...progress desire to improve "quality" of democratic citizen ...employ scientific methods to set public policy

Answer 43

Motivations for Immigration Act of 1924

Question 44

Described as "a man of limited talents from a small town" Continued to drink alcohol through Prohibition Had affair with Nan Britton

Answer 44

President Harding

Question 45

Established by Congress to police land boundaries

Answer 45

Border Patrol

Question 46

Re-elected by landslide against Democrat John Davis, who was nominated on the 103rd ballot One-sixth of electorate voted for Robert La Follette, Progressive

Answer 46

Calvin Coolidge

Question 47

Production tripled from 1.5 million to 4.8 million during the 1920s U.S. produced 85% of the world output Half of American families purchased Stimulated growth of steel, rubber, oil, and road construction industries

Answer 47

Automobile Industry

Question 48

Idea put forward by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes that advocates of every belief should have the right to convert the public to their point of view Developed in dissent by Holmes and Brandeis in 1925 Supreme Court decision upholding conviction of Benjamin Gitlow, a communist publisher

Answer 48

"Marketplace of Ideas"

Question 49

Eliminated federal assistance for infants and child health

Answer 49

Repeal of Sheppard-Towner Act

Question 50

Term used to describe... ...in politics the asssociation with pan-Africanism and Garvey ...in art with rejection of established stereotypes about Africa, rural South's folk traditions, life in the urban ghetto

Answer 50

"New Negro"

Question 51

New characteristics include: ...private pensions ...medical insurance ...job security ...safety ...sports programs for leisure time

Answer 51

New Business-Employee Relationship

Question 52

Telephone Vacuum Cleaner Washing Machine Refridgerator

Answer 52

New Consumer Goods

Question 53

Wrote the following "...the greatest menace to freedom is an inert people."

Answer 53

Justice Brandeis

Question 54

Raised taxes on imported goods to highest levels in history Repudiation of Wilson's principle of promoting free trade Republicans believed "protectionist" policies would help profits

Answer 54

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

Question 55

One of the most influential figures of the silent era. Screen character "The Tramp" became a global phenomenon and remains one of cinema's most iconic images.

Answer 55

Charlie Chaplin

Question 56

Effort by farm state members of Congress to help constituents Government corporation would buy crops to guarantee profit from farmers and then sell crops overseas for lower price Vetoed twice by Calvin Coolidge

Answer 56

McNary-Haugen Bill

Question 57

"God, J.P. Morgan and the Republican Party were going to keep everything going forever."

Answer 57

Stockbroker description of the pro-business bias of Harding and Coolidge Administrations

Question 58

Belief in the biblical account of the origin of the universe and the origin of man

Answer 58

Creationism

Question 59

Overturned 1907 law requiring American women who married foreign nationsl to take their husband's nationality

Answer 59

Cable Act of 1922

Question 60

Banned 65 books from the city's bookstores Inlcuding works by Uptain Sinclair, Dreiser, Ernest Hemingway

Answer 60

Boston's Watch and Ward Committee

Question 61

Characteristic of the economy, examples of which include: 1% of banks controlled 50% of the resources GM, Ford, and Chrysler controlled 4/5 of the auto industry

Answer 61

Economic or Industrial Concentration

Question 62

Allowed through Homer Snyder, representative from New York, introduction of legislation in 1919 to overturn *Elk v. Wilkins* ruling in 1884

Answer 62

Indian Citizenship

Question 63

Wrote "*The Negro Speaks of Rivers*" One of leaders of Harlem Renaissance

Answer 63

Langston Hughes

Question 64

Written by Ernest Hemingway during his time in Paris about a group of American expatriates traveling to the bullfights in Pamplona

Answer 64

*The Sun Also Rises*

Question 65

Classic study of life in Muncie, Indiana, typical midwestern town written by Robert and Helen Lynd Showed trend of leisure and consumption replacing interest in politics

Answer 65

*Middleton*

Question 66

Common aim of the following... ...Roman Catholic Church ...Catholic Holy Name Society ...Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith ...National Catholic Welfare Council in response to the Nativist movement

Answer 66

Defend Ethnic Groups

Question 67

Italian tenor who sang to great acclaim Made approximately 290 commercially released recordings from 1902 to 1920 1904 recording of "Vesti la giubba" from Pagliacci was the first sound recording to sell one million copies

Answer 67

Enrico Caruso

Question 68

Led Supreme Cout in a number of conservative rulings: Struck down law barring interstate trade of goods produced by child labor Repudiated *Muller v. Oregon*, which had restricted the working hours of women

Answer 68

Chief Justice William Howard Taft

Question 69

Black literary and artistic movement from the 1920s that celebrated and lamented black life in America Artisits included: Countee Cullen, Langston Hughes, Claude McKay, Zora Neale Hurston, Florence Mills, Ethel Waters

Answer 69

Harlem Renaissance

Question 70

Naval oil reserve in Wyoming that was leased by the Interior Secretary, Albert Fall, to Sinclair and Doherty In return, Fall received a $500,000 personal loan Resulted in Fall being first cabinet member convicted of a felonly; spent one year in prison

Answer 70

Teapot Dome Scandal

Question 71

Described America's consumer culture in the 1920s Industry and methods to significantly influence the choices of consumers Edward Bernays was one of the leading practitioners

Answer 71

Advertising Age

Question 72

Dominated and influenced the national political conventions in the 1920s, getting politicians to... ...lower taxes on income and revenue ...maintain higher tariffs ...support campaign against unions

Answer 72

Business Lobbyists

Question 73

Promoted by Alice Paul and the National Women's Party Called for the elimination of all legal distinctions on "account of sex" Followed logically from winning the right to vote Opposed by: League of Women Voters, Women's Trade Union League

Answer 73

Equal Rights Amendment

Question 74

Flamboyant preacher in the 1920s Drew huge crowds with his theatrical preaching style Denounced sins ranging from Darwinism to alcohol

Answer 74

Billy Sunday