Politics last Flashcards
(61 cards)
1
Q
How many Parliaments did Charles I call between 1625-29?
A
- Charles called 3 Parliaments in order to secure finance for his foreign policy.
2
Q
Why did Charles and Parliament disagree on religion?
A
- Charles supported Arminianism and this was seen as dangerously close to Catholicism.
3
Q
How did Charles support Arminianism?
A
- Charles showed support for Richard Montagu, an Arminian.
- Charles’s closest advisor, the Duke of Buckingham was Arminian
- Charles appointed William Laud as Bishop of London in 1628, a key Arminian in approach.
4
Q
Why was Charles I’s foreign policy a disaster?
A
- Charles failed at Cadiz in 1625
- Charles failed at La Rochelle in 1627
5
Q
Why did Charles dissolve Parliament in 1626?
A
- Parliament refused to grant him tonnage and poundage for life, an excise tax that his father had received.
6
Q
How did Charles impose forced taxes?
A
- Charles levied a forced loan worth 5 subsidies
7
Q
What was the Five Knights Case?
A
- The case where five knights refused to pay and were imprisoned.
8
Q
What was the Petition of Right 1628?
A
- The greivances of Parliament which included no taxation without the consent of Parliament.
- No imprisonment without case shown.
- No soldiers within civilian households.
- No martial law imposed upon the country.
9
Q
How did Charles I undermine the Petition of Right?
A
- Despite accepting the Petition, Charles dissolved Parliament in 1629 and embarked on Personal Rule.
10
Q
How did Charles gain funds during Personal Rule?
A
- Through Ship Money which had given him at least £200,000 annually.
- Through granting monolopies such as soap monopolies
- Through taxing on crown lands and fines.
11
Q
Why was Ship Money controversial?
A
- Before, it had been a tax for coastal towns to fund the navy but when Charles embarked on Personal Rule, it became a national tax, outraging midland towns who had no involvement with the coast of England.
12
Q
Which Puritan MP challenged Ship Money and why was his case significant?
A
- John Hampden refused to pay ship money to challenge the legality of the tax
- His court case lost 7-5 which on the one hand alarmed the public of absolutism but also showed that the King’s actions were becoming unpopular.
13
Q
How did the King impose Laudianism during the 30s?
A
- William Laud was developing his own church which an emphasis on Laudianism through the use of insent, colourful imagery, stained glass windows, moving the altar to the east etc.
14
Q
What was the beginning of the end of Personal Rule?
A
- When Charles decided to impose the English Prayer Book on Presbyterian Scotland.
- It led to the St Giles Riot
- Led to 300,000 signing the Scottish National Covenant to defend themselves from Arminianism.
15
Q
What was the collapse of Personal Rule?
A
- Charles called a Short Parliament to crush the Scots but MPs challenged Laud which forced Charles to dissolve Parliament again
- Charles’s lack of funds saw the Scots capture Newcastle in 1640, forcing Charles to pay £850 a day until there was a settlement between England and Scotland.
16
Q
What did MPs agree on when the Long Parliament was called?
A
- The abolition of Ship Money and the passing of a Triennial Act to call Parliament every 3 years
17
Q
Why did MPs diagree about the Root and Branch Petition?
A
- Support by John Pym, 15,000 Puritans called for the removal of bishops from the church. (Conservative saw this as a threat to the established order)
- Bill of Attainder - justified the execution of Laud and Stafford but was seen as threatening the Constitution and being worse than Charles
- Militia Act - Put Parliament at the forefront of the army which Conservatives argued took away the most important royal prerogative.
- Grand Remonstrance - Listed Charles’ actions since 1625 to state why he shouldn’t rule. Conservatives argued that the Remonstrance wasn’t addressed to the King which was disrespectful.
18
Q
What happened in 1642?
A
- Charles tried to arrest 5 Puritan MPs but they were warned and fled.
- Charles left London due to the growth of Puritanism against him.
- Parliament gained the power to pass the Militia Act and Nineteen, radical propositions including Parliament overseeing the education and marriage of Charles’s children.
- Charles raised his standard in Nottingham and declared war on Parliament.
19
Q
How did the First Civil War go?
A
- King won Battle of Edgehill
- Parliament won Marston Moor and Naseby
20
Q
When did Charles surrender and who to?
A
- 1646 to the Scots
21
Q
Why did Charles refuse to answer to the Scots?
A
- He wanted to ignore calls for a settlement in the hope that political presbyterians and political independents would lose cohesion between themselves.
22
Q
When were the Newcastle Propositions and what did they state?
A
- Newcastle Propositions happened in 1646
- They offered to abolish bishops
- They offered laws to be harsh against Catholics
- Offered to control the army for 20 years.
22
Q
How did the New Model Army initiate negotiations with the King?
A
- The New Model Army were outraged that they may not be paid by other MPs and became political.
- They captured the King under George Joyce and were able to present their own proposals.
23
Q
Outline the Heads of Proposals
A
- Parliament should meet every 2 years
- Would keep Anglican Bishops
24
Why did the Heads of Proposals breakdown?
- Charles was engaging in talks with the Scots to promise them a Presbyterian Church for 3 years if they provided him with an army.
25
How did the army react to the win of the Second Civil War?
- They pushed for the King being held in court for treason but MPs still remained rigid in forming a settlement with Charles
26
What was Pride's purge?
- The removal of MPs who wanted to continue negotiation with Charles, establishing a Rump Parliament, with the arrest of 45 MPs/
27
How many acts did the Rump pass in 1649 vs 1652?
- 123 Acts passed in 1649
- Only 50 acts passed in 1652
28
What did the Rump abolish in its first year?
- The House of Lords and the Monarchy
29
How did Cromwell suppress Ireland?
- Due to fears of a catholic uprising looking to restore Charles II, Cromwell massacred Drogheda and Wexford.
30
HOw did Cromwell suppress Scotland?
- Defeated the Scots at Dubar in 1650 and Worcester in 1651
31
What were 4 reasons for the failure of the Rump?
- Too much conservatism
- Limited Finances
- The fear of the New Model Army
- The Dutch War
32
What was the Nominated Assembly?
- Composition of members chosen by the Government to establish godly rule in the country.
33
Why was the Nominated Assembly a failure?
- There was a lack of cohesion and too much depolarisation between political elite and groups such as Fifth Monarchists.
34
What was the Nominated Assembly replaced with?
- The Instrument of Government
35
Why were there problems within the First Protectorate Parliament?
- One hundred members refused to accept the Instrument of Government and withdrew
- Remaining MPs attempted to reduce the army's influence
- This forced Cromwell to dissolve the First Protectorate
36
Why did Cromwell appoint Major Generals?
- Eleven Major Generals were assigned with imposing martial law in England, aiming to restore the national reform of morals and behaviour
- Major Generals could punish adultery, blasphemy and drunkeness.
37
Why did Cromwell refuse the crown?
- Him accepting the position his army fought against would be immoral so he instead took the role of Lord Protector for life
38
Why did the Protectorate fail after Oliver Cromwell?
- His son, Richard, summoned the Third Protectorate but had no ties with the New Model Army and a lack of political experience saw him forced out by New Model Army leaders.
39
What were some of the features of the Declaration of Breda?
- Charles promised to listen to the advice of Parliament
- Charles would take action against those who organised the execution of his father.
- He aimed to provide toleration for religious beliefs
- He would pay army wages.
40
What was the Act of Indemnity and Oblivion?
- An Act which granted a general pardon to supporters of the republican regime apart from those who had executed Charles I.
41
How did Charles and the Convention Parliament at the time ensure political stability?
- Restoration of confiscated land to its owners.
- Convention Parliament saw peaceful disbanding of the New Model Army
- The Anglican Church was restored
42
Why was Charles's prospect of religious toleration hard to achieve by 1661?
- Charles was faced by the Cavalier Parliament which was ultra royalist aiming to persecute non-conformists.
43
What was the Corporation Act (when was it)
1661 - Corporation Act only allowed Anglicans to take high office
44
What was the Conventicle Act (when was it?)
1664 - Coventicle Act banned non-conformists from meeting in groups of 5
45
What was the Act of Uniformity (when was it)
1662 - Required all clergymen to accept Anglic doctrines and rituals.
46
How much was Charles II given when he accessed the throne?
- Charles II was given £1.2 million and a Hearth Tax but it wasn't enough to keep him independent from Parliament.
47
When was the Secret Treaty of Dover and what proposals were made?
1670 - England would join France in its ambitions against the Dutch.
- Louis XIV promised Charles subsidies in the knowledge that Charles II would convert to Catholicism when the time was right.
48
Why was the Third Anglo-Dutch War seen as unpopular?
- William of Orange displayed the message that Louis XIV was launching a Catholic agenda across the Netherlands and Europe.
49
Why did Charles II drop his Declaration of Indulgence in 1672?
- He needed funding for the Anglo Dutch War and therefore dropped it
50
When was the Test Act released and what did it impose?
- The Test Act declared that all office holders had to declare their opposition to Catholicism, so as a Catholic, James II stepped down as Duke of York.
51
How did the Popish Plot trigger the Exclusion Crisis?
- With the rumours of a Catholic murdering of Charles II to claim James as the King, the Popish Plot was fabricated but posed a significant threat in the eyes of MPs, who pushed for the Exclusion of James II.
52
How did Charles manage to escape exclusion?
- He thoroughly defended the divine right for his brother with the help of the Earl of Danby.
- He held the Third Exclusion Parliament in Oxford, a royalist stronghold, and used Louis XIV's funding to embark on Personal Rule until his death.
53
What were the ideologies of the Whigs and Tories?
- Whigs believed that James II was edging too close to Catholicism which would project England in an absolutist direction.
- Tories were rigid to the Divine Right of King James II and remained loyal to the Stuart House.
54
What were 4 events after the Oxford Parliament that solidified the Monarchy?
- Shaftesbury, Whig Leader was forced into exile.
- Whigs were removed from office
- Rye House Plot conspiracy failed leading to Charles arresting leading whigs.
- Charles didn't summon a Parliament in 1684.
55
Why was James II in a good position when he accessed the throne?
- James II was able to call a Tory Parliament which would grant him funding.
56
What was evidence for James's pro catholicism?
- 200 catholics were made JPs.
- He replaced the Head of Magdalen College with a Catholic
- James's Declaration of Indulgence in 1697
57
Why did MPs accept James II to begin with?
- He was in his mid fifties so his reign wouldn't last too long and he didn't have a son.
58
What 2 events changed the political atmosphere in 1688?
- April 1688 - Anglicans refused to accept the Declaration of Indulgence and were put on trial but acquitted which saw widespread celebrations.
- In June, Mary of Modena gave birth to a boy which threatened the permanent Catholic dynasty!
59
How did MPs end James II's rule?
- Immortal Seven invited William of Organge to invade and co-rule with Queen Mary Stuart.
60
