Post 1867 Flashcards

Question

Confederation Interpretations (1) - Top down - Arthur Lower Statement

Answer 1

What happened in 1867 was that the Crown in the fullness of its wisdom, decided to rearrange its administrative areas in British North America. All were cast into the crucible of imperial Omnicompetence and came out remelted. Should I name new and fused.”

Answer 2

Implies central gov't, as inheritor of British authority, has most power and can change the constitution. - So explains who did confederation and where its power comes from.

Answer 3

- About the provinces - provinces decide on the nature of the new nation. - It is an agreement between provinces and Fed gov't. - Provinces give feds power, but can change the agreement.

Answer 4

“The union of 1867 met the common needs of the provinces.” - Implied provinces could take powers away if feds misused them.

Answer 5

The two founding nations - Agreement between two founding nations. - Argues confederation needs to meet the needs between French and English - If it doesnt it can be taken apart - seperate party basis. - Became unwritten spirit of the BNA

Answer 6

“idea of a compact between races was not a new one in 1865. It had already become the vital thing in our history. It influenced both the political thinking/vocabulary of the day and it was already on the way of becoming a tradition and a convention of our constitution.”

Answer 7

- What about FN people? - Not all like this theory as it makes Quebec out to be half the country and not just one province.

Answer 8

- How did its process of confederation make Canada different from other nations? - What might be some problems or strengths associated with this?

Answer 9

- Focus on expanding westward - Purchase of Rupert's land - George Cartier and William McDougall sent to London to negotiate in 1868

Answer 10

if the rivers emptied into the Hudson Bay then it counts as Rupert’s land.

Answer 11

Western Quebec, Northwest Ontario, Manitoba, Most of Alberta and Saskatchewan, and parts of Nunavut and the Northwest Territories.

Answer 12

- Not much contact with others - Focused on fur trade - Developed slowly to prevent interference with fur trade - Only one colony at Red River

Answer 13

- Indigenous people, European fur traders, and Metis. - Life centered on buffalo hunt, fur trade and farming. - Metis had larger population than Europeans, but smaller than other indigenous people.

Answer 14

Fort Garry, Assiniboia - Current downtown Winnipeg - Attractive to Eastern Canada due to fertile lands by Lake Winnipeg and the Fort. - Central area for Metis people.

Answer 15

- Land in Ontario was used up. - Wanted resources – fertile land

Answer 16

- Sea to sea - Many thought this would make Canada great - Crucible for Canadian nationality

Answer 17

- Also expanding - Settlers already in area - 1864 charter for construction of North Pacific Railway from St. Paul to Seattle - USA had control over transportation, economics and population - Bought Alaska for 7 million which cretaed fear of blocking Canadina expansion westward

Answer 18

“I know that nature designs that this whole continent, not merely these 36 states, shall sooner or later be within the magic circle of American Union.”

Answer 19

- Money - Small population - HBC owns a lot already - Metis

Answer 20

HBC wanted 40 million - Canada paid with money and land. - 1.5 mill, kept posts and land. - Land sold for 120 million later.

Answer 21

- Not included in process - Concerned about losing rights, culture, religion, hunting, etc. - John A. MacDonald realized this was a mistake.

Answer 22

“no explanation, it appears, has been made of the arrangement by which the country is to be handed over. All these poor people know is that Canada bought the country from the HBC and they are handed over like a flock of sheep to us.”

Answer 23

- June 1869 Canadian Parliament passed “An Act for the Temporary Government of Rupert’s Land in the Northwest Territory”. - First step was buy land, second step was set up gov't. - Wanted to make it a colony and not a province due to small population. - So appointed governor and council and not elected. No reps in Ottawa.

Answer 24

Third step was to get the land in order - Sent surveyors and McDougall - Residents viewed this as they would lose all rights - Upset that small group called Canadianists already settled in area

Answer 25

- Stopped surveyors/McDougall from entering land - Set up provisional Gov't - National Committee of the Metis - Ceased Fort Garry - mostly peacfully

Answer 26

- Riel main author - Wrote grievances and demands - Willing to accept annexation if they were not stripped of property or denied religious, French language and education rights.

Answer 27

- Wanted control of the area so USA would not enter conflict - Sent catholoc bishop and Donald Smith to negotiate - Tried offering Riel and leaders money and employment - Delegation of Metis sent to Ottawa to negotiate.

Answer 28

1. Right to elect their own legislature 2. A guarantee to connect Winnipeg by rail 3. French and English to be language of the legislature 4. Treaties to be ratified between the government and Natives 5. Fair representation in the dominion parliament. So they want what other parts of Canada already have.

Answer 29

- Upset with Metis for taking over area. Considered it treason to gov't and now their job to stop them. - Thomas Scott and others planned an attack against the provisional gov't. - Scott and others got arrested.

Answer 30

- Irish protestant from Ontario - Led Canadianists - Riel and Metis viewed his actions as treason against provisional gov't. - Held Metis trial. - Executed March 4, 1870. - Riel thought execution would show Canada they were serious.

Answer 31

- Produced outrage - Red River Rebellion now a national crisis. - English protestant Ontario angry. Viewed Scott as trying to stop treason and was murdered. - French catholic Quebec viewed Riel (french) as fighting for their rights against English expansion group and supported Scott's death.

Answer 32

- Scott became a martyr - Poems, stories, songs, etc.

Answer 33

Kept Quebec and Metis happy by giving them what they wanted. - Entered confederacy as a province To keep Ontario happy he sent an army to Red River colony to secure the NW.

Answer 34

- Passed July 18th, 1870 - Assiniboia location (Red River Colony) became Manitoba - Act included the Bill of Rights - Included both English and French language - Set precedents for future provinces - Seperate protestant and catholic school divisions

Answer 35

- Sent military to area to show the Metis they could not do this again. - Also show force so USA would not annex - Riel fled to USA - found guilty for murder of Scott - five yr banishment from Canada - Riel convinced he won victory, but another Metis rebellion happened a decade later.

Answer 36

1. Debt due to gold rush 2. Dislike for current gov't 3. Response to those wanting annexation 4. Britain wanted them to join

Answer 37

- Most wealth for BC came from gold rush in 1858 - Victoria from 300 - 6000 people in 6 weeks - Gold running out just before confederation - people left - Town spent lots on infrastructure before people left and once they left the town became broke.

Answer 38

- Britain tried solving financial issue by having the colonies of BC and Victoria combine into one colony - Said to be first step of confederation - Would reduce administrative costs

Answer 39

- after colonies united it was given colonial gov't - appointed officials - Many people came from the USA and wanted a democratic gov't - Thought if they joined Canada then they would have similar gov't as the rest of Canada

Answer 40

- Joining Canada was best option - Joining would better protect BC as it was vulnerable - far from rest of Canada due to fur trading territory - It would be surrounded

Answer 41

- Many from USA - Trade routes/main trading partner - Steam ships came from there - Many businesses came from USA.

Answer 42

- White people saw BC as British outpost - Gov't follow British Tradition - People in parliament were British

Answer 43

- Canada wanted an empire but not the expenses. If BC joined then Canada could help financially, but not bear all of it. - BC important link its all-red route to the orient - You had to go through British territory to travel anywhere in the world - Outpost on North Pacific coast benefited Canada

Answer 44

Britain PM “Victoria, as the San Francisco of NA, could achieve greater commercial and political power being part of Canada than as the capital of the isolated colony of BC”.

Answer 45

- Born as Smith, but went by Amor De Cosmos which meant "lover of the universe". - Member of Vancouver Legislature - Met at first confederation meeting in 1866 and argued BC should join. - He did not like current gov't - Put motion forward and told they had to wait until deal is done with Rupert's land.

Answer 46

1867 committee in Victoria voted for confederation - Wrote Canada stating they had no mechanism to determine wishes of the people - no voting system. - Musgrave became Governor. Previous NFL governor and told to encourage confederation.

Answer 47

- What did Canada offer? - Already had ties with USA - Nobody in colony from eastern Canada so no connection. - No physical connection - Parliament officials worried about their positions if they joined

Answer 48

Concerns about the form confederation would take. - Would enter as colony with little representation. - Should not join until we have more power/democracy

Answer 49

Went to Ottawa for talks - Negotiated with Chretien - Delegates wanted connection to economic activities - Gov't promised railway completed in 10 yrs - Promised gov't - Promised to take over debt - So they got an unreal deal.

Answer 50

- Vision of sea to sea - Did not want annexation - Benefits from railway - Connect to USA trade routes - Easier to control Manitoba - land on both sides - July 20, 1871 BC became 6th province

Answer 51

- Joined in 1873 - At original meeting iin 1866, but never joined - Eventually changed their minds.

Answer 52

Settlement of land issue - Founded by English who parcelled land to favorites of the Crown - People could not own their own land - PEI wanted money to buyout the land and not have increased taxes. - First meeting the gov't could not get enough money from Britain to help.

Answer 53

PEI colonial gov't boughtout one major land owner - Looked into free trade with USA to get money to buy the rest. - Britain panicked and said no to allowing PEI talks with USA. However, this upset many people.

Answer 54

- Canada originally unwilling to give money - Lack of representation in parliament - Upset people with Britain over blocking free trade wit USA.

Answer 55

Haythorne opened up talks with Ottawa. Canada offered: - assumtion of debt - annual subsidy - Up to $800,000 for land (not solid) - Railroads become dominion property - Continuous communication with mainland.

Answer 56

Said no. - Started building its own railway - Thought it would solve issues, but there were no cities with people moving around. Created more debt. - At this point the colony had to increase taxes or join confederation. Vote went to confederation. - Became 7th province. - Canada now a transcontinental country with three oceans. Took 13 years.

Answer 57

They had the land, now they needed to shape it. - Remove people occupying it (FN people) - Wanted farmland - Wanted done formally without war like the USA - Create law enforcement before settlers - Created numbered treaties

Answer 58

BNA divided fed/prov powers - FN was Federal resp - This followed British tradition of working from the top down. So Feds in charge of treaty making now. - Created treaties to put FN on reserves. - 1871-77 first seven treaties done.

Answer 59

After Brits defeated France - States that Britain would not enter indigenous territory without paying. - Settlers not able to purchase the land - only gov't - top down precedents. - First legal recognition of land title.

Answer 60

- Acknowledged land rights and wanted treaties in order to get FN to extinguish land rights for small payments. Wanted reserves: - least fertile lands - help with assimilation - Wanted good farm land and to make FN farmers.

Answer 61

- Gov't thought they were buying land and FN thought they were sharing it. - Language issues - Cultural issues - Reserves set up to fail - bad land - Gov't failed to deliver on terms

Answer 62

- 1876 Plains Cree met at Fort Carlton to discuss terms - Wanted better deal - better training/rations/equipment for transition. - Gov Morris of Manitoba said no. - Eventually Poundmaker agreed to terms.

Answer 63

Knew treaties would destroy way of life and culture - Reserves - Culture - Seperation - Signed in 1882 as people were starving - Bison gone due to overhunting and USA military.

Answer 64

- Signed deals with FN in most dire state. - Used missionaries to encourage treaties.

Answer 65

- Treaties to get people on reserves - Indian Act - Assimilation/Enfranchisement - Outlaw ceremonies - Potlatch and Sundance - Residential Schools

Answer 66

Allowed gov't to create Indian Affairs Dep't/Agents - Control every aspect of FN life - Made them wards/children of the Crown - No citizenship or rights - Reserves were training grounds to teach FN to become Europeans - Once assimilated they could become citizens

Answer 67

Indian Act endoresed. Not a bad word in 19th century - Britain thought they had the best culture and FN were lucky to get the chance to become one of them. - “the great aim of our legislature has been to do away with the tribal system and assimilate the Indian people in all aspects with the inhabitants of the dominion as speedily as they are fit for the change.”

Answer 68

Indian Act endorsed How to become a citizen - FN men only - Good character - Speak English or French - No debt - Women lost status by marrying non-natives - included Metis and other FN not recognized by the gov't.

Answer 69

Potlatch and Sundance - Missionaries played big part here - Permit program to prevent travel - Ceremonies survived as some were altered or done in secret - Cannot assimilate if ceremonies continued.

Answer 70

- First 3 in Western Canada in 1883 - 20 schools total - Operated by Christian churches - No oversights allowed abuse

Answer 71

- Created by MacDonald in 1873 - Needed to cover vast lands - Mounties part of vision of creating order in country - esp. west. - Became national symbol - Civil police force - better than USA garrison. - Originally 300 people - open to corruption, but MacDonald made hired educated guys to prevent this.

Answer 72

- Kernal Robertson Ross - Red - image and symbolism - Different from blue USA uniforms - not liked - Indigenous people agreed - Crowfoot - uniform reps compassion and trust.

Answer 73

-Arrived in 1874 with help from Metis scout Jerry Potts. - Whiskey trade - killing off Indig people - Cypress Hills Massacre - USA folks killed assinboia people

Answer 74

- Police for settlers and indigenous - Est. posts - Fort Macleod and Calgary

Answer 75

- Meant to be dismantled once provinces developed - Became Royal NWMP in 1904 - 1906 Ab. and Sask. asked to keep NWMP. - NWMP spread accross country - 1920 NWMP absorbed Dominion police and became RCMP.

Answer 76

- Scottish birth, but grew up in Kingston Ont. - Smart, racist, and experienced - By confederation had been in politics for a quarter of a century - When became PM he was in that position for almost the rest of his life. - Known as the MacDonald era. - 6 majority govt’s and 19 yrs. in office

Answer 77

Worked together - Cartier helped MacDonald win and maintain support in Quebec. - Both previoulsy PM of east and west. - Both tories. - MacDonald became conservative party leader, but no strong ideology, just focused on the voices of the people. - Urged national unity

Answer 78

- Occasionally had to put out fires for groups (occasionally delayed) - used patronage - giving contracts and jobs to people you know. - more acceptable those days - Some argued it kept the country together.

Answer 79

Brought down Macdonald Gov;'t - Bribery and patronage for railway - Deal between Hugh Allan and MacDonald. - Allan - wealth shipping guy and president of CPR in Montreal - Allan donated lots to conservatives

Answer 80

1. Settle and develope west agriculturally 2. Industrial develoment in the east 3. Link the two via railway

Answer 81

Policy 1 - Dominion Lands Act 1872 - Quarter section of land for cheap if settled for three yrs. Policy 2 - Trades Union Act 1872 - Encouraged organized labor by allowing unions to strike. Policy 3 - Railway caused issues - turned to Hugh Allan to solve which led to Pacific Scandal.

Answer 82

Stole telegrams and letters and published them. - Telegrams between MacDonald and Allan creating deals - People upset over Allan having American stockholders - USA money - Cons still won election - minority - MacDonald denied then said it did not matter because he did not personally profit form it. - Own party voted against him and he resigned in 1873.

Answer 83

- Scottish stonemason - Less flamboyant and more serious - Born poor but made lots of money and he was careful with it. MacDonald born into money. - Recession - He did not get the “sir” title like the other PM. He did not want it.

Answer 84

- Not ready to be in gov't - Lack of regional rep - no strong support nation wide. - Pope published syllabus or errors in 1864 - included voting liberal. - Unloyalty in the party - coalition of fractions who came together out of dislike for cons. - Depression of 1874-78

Answer 85

- Liked farmers - good economic and social base for society - Endoresed farmers viewpoint on tariffs being small. - Favored free trade, cons favored protection. - Libs advocated for provincial rights at the time.

Answer 86

- Libs believe in free trade and economic laws - Adam Smith - invisible hand - let economy work itself out. - Gov't should cut costs and wait it out - Made libs look like they had no power - Forced to spend on railway, but only did sections at a time. - Expanded trade with USA - George Brown went to Washington to negotiate free-trade agreement.

Answer 87

Created by John A. MacDonald - Created to unify Canada - Focused on agriculture, industrialization, railway and protective tariffs. - Same as last campaign, but called it something different.

Answer 88

- Unify Canada via economic and ideological ways. - Canada would trade with each other and benefit all - Tariffs to high to trade with USA so we would become more independent.

Answer 89

- Lack of trade with USA would make things more expensive - Argued policy is regional, not national - good for central Canada, but not east or west. East and west would produce, but wealth would go central. - Create inequality as workers/farmers would have to pay more for goods.

Answer 90

Libs still in power and focused on constitutional matters over economics. - Est. Supreme court as appeal court - JCPC was still the highest, but Canada could now review their own laws. - Restricted powers of the GG - coulld not disallow legislation without consulting Canada parliament. - Introduced secret ballot - Previously public, but lots of bribery and fighting. - Ended practice of voting happening in one day nation wide.

Answer 91

- Election results decided by courts, not politicians. - Extended voting to all non-indigenous males. - Ended system of dual representation.

Answer 92

Constitutional change was good, but nobody excited about it. - MacDonald won with majority gov't - Funnier and more politcally savvy

Answer 93

1. Tariffs 2. Railway 3. Immigration

Answer 94

- Link 3.5 million people - 2/3 longer than any other - 5000 km of line

Answer 95

1. Transcontental vision 2. Annexation 3. Generate Income -Agriculture 4. Fast/easy immigration and trade 5. Promised BC.

Answer 96

George Stephen - Bank of Montreal President Donald Smith - HBC executive Sanford Flemming - Chief engineer who had the knowledge. Stationed out of Montreal.

Answer 97

In exchange for building the railway the gov't gave - $25 million - $25 million in land - 1200 km of already compleyed track - Materials, stocks, and property exempt from taxes. - monopoly clause: No competing line until 1900.

Answer 98

Originally along North Saskatchewan river, but moved south through Calgary. - Get more people to use it. - Coal further south good for the train - Expedition said Lethbridge area good for settling. - Changing route gave them access to more land use.

Answer 99

General manager and later CPR president - Oversaw construction - Pushed workers - Promised 800 km track per year - Hit Calgary by August 1883

Answer 100

- Work was dangerous so gave it to chinese workers - Brought here for construction - Worked for less - Saved 3.5 million in costs - 3 died per 1 km of track

Answer 101

- Money via loans, stocks, and gov't. - Asked gov't for 22.5 million in 1883 - MacDonald said no at first, but then secretary reminded him that the railway was tied to campaign. - Gave money with conditions - job appointments, support cons newspapers, build station in Quebec.

Answer 102

1884 CPR needed more money. - MacDonald said no. - Then Metis rebellion happened in Sask. - Helped justify giving rest of money for completion. - Needed to get troops there.

Answer 103

MacDonald wanted to settle west as part of national policy, but never happened in his time. - Mennonites: From russia due to Russification policy and military constriction. Good farmers. - 2000 Icelanders went to Winnipeg - LDS people - Good dry land farmers

Answer 104

Push Factors from homes. - small land parcels - cramped cities - adventure - prosperity - no religious freedom - ethnic persecution. Pull factors for Canada - Promise of 160 acres. - growth of international trade - Strong market on goods - Job opportunities

Answer 105

Minister of Interior - Got rid of red tape - Pressured HBC and CPR to sell land cheaper to settlers - Simplified procedure for buying homestead - Widened net of acceptable immigrants - Wanted quality farmers - generational farming. - Invested in advertising: Pamphlets portrayng Canada west with fertile land and good climate.

Answer 106

Based on an image and assimilation ease. British: Including 80,000 poor or orphaned kids. Brits adjusted well. Americans: same ethnicity and know farming. - Not blacks though. - Advertised climate differently to them over Whites. - Newspaper claimed invasion of negros - Only 1500 between 1901-1911 - No official laws though.

Answer 107

Asian: Official laws - Some allowed for railway and gold rush, but soon others complained. - Made up 10 percent of BC pop. - Created head tax: $500 by 1903 - 1923 Chinese Exclusion Act. First group excluded due to race. - Act lasted until 1947 - end of WW2

Answer 108

Japs not wanted, but let in 400 per yr due to alliances. Part of British empire so should be allowed free movement, but Canadians on west coast opposed entry - Komagata Maru ship

Answer 109

So wanted immigration, but had a vison based on assimilation. - Brits/Americans - North/Western Europe - Central/East Europe - work hard, don' marry. - Ukraines - dont assemble well - Souther Europeans and Jews - City people - Asians and Africans - don't assimilate well.

Answer 110

- More violent than 1870 Red River - Reason for violence and way the rebellion worked out is important due to reprecussions - Trials and executions of rebellion leaders and long lasting political issues between English and French.

Answer 111

1. Settler Grievances 2. Metis Grievances 3. Indigenous Grievances

Answer 112

Reroute of railway - Bought land that is now worthless - Railway 100km away - Railway tied to Gov't so mad at gov't Series of bad harvests Lack of gov't representation - Gov't focused on central canada - Lived in territory before Sask and Alberta provinces - This was criticism of national policy

Answer 113

Swamped by settlers - Thousands of settlers moved to Manitoba - Metis lost land rights - 2.5 million hecters for Meties taken away and given to settlers - Settlers outnumbered 5-1 - Bison about gone - Gov't wanted them to assimilate to farmers. - Lots of hunger

Answer 114

- Loss of Bison - Farming transition - not enough supplies and training - Gov't out of money (railway) they cut rations for Indigenous - could fend for themselves as always have. - People starving - Poundmaker warns gov't of possible fighting - told to go home - Young warriors upset with gov't

Answer 115

Metis needed someone with experience getting gov't to listen - Gabriel Dumont went and got Riel from Montana in 1884 - Riel had political and military support from Metis, not much from Indigenous community, but they hoped he could help. - Riel different person - mental homes and called himself a prophet - Believed he was leading a crusade.

Answer 116

Step 1 - Wrote a petition - More liberal treatment - Land grant for Meris - Reps in Ottawa - Reduction of tariffs - Construction of Railway to HBC

Answer 117

Created commission to look into it. - Deal with it in a few years. Let them figure it out themselves. - MacDonald did this lots. But never worked this time.

Answer 118

Step 2 - Occupied parish church - Seized Indian agent and officials - Formed provisional Gov't. Worked in 1870 - Took control of town, but nobody dead yet.

Answer 119

- NWMP in area - Railway got troops there within 1 week of provisional gov't. - Metis did not hold balance of power.

Answer 120

1. Riel goes after Fort Carlton 2. Poundmaker and Battleford 3. Bigbear and Frog Lake

Answer 121

1885 March 21 - Riel calls for Fort Carlton to surrender - 5 days later a fight breaks out - Lasted 15 minutes, but 12 mounties, 5 metis and 1 indig killed. Reinforcements arrive and NWMP evacuate to Prince Albert

Answer 122

March 30, 1885 - Raided battleford which was distribution centre. - Raided settler houses - 2 settlers killed while fleeing to Fort

Answer 123

April 2, 1885 - Raided HBC stores - Settlers ran to Fort Pitt - 9 killed

Answer 124

Troops - 3000 - Three groups - 200 volunteers and NWMP joined - Numerous little battles Batoche - Final battle - 850 soldiers and 350 Metis - Metis ran out of ammunition

Answer 125

- Riel captures - Dumont escaped to USA - Poundmaker Surrendured - Big Bear turned himself in later Death toll: 53 non-native and 35 Metis/Indig

Answer 126

Crown court over Military - More than 125 convicted - Many with treason - problematic as they were not citizens - 11 Indig to death and 8 hung in Battleford at same time. Show of force. - 1 Metis hung and 19 in jail Poundmaker, Bigbear and One Arrow all got three years. - All out after 2 for health issues - All died within one year after that

Answer 127

Got treason, but American Citizen - Went to old laws to do it - Jury of 6 british men found him guilty - Lawyers claim insanity, but riel refused it. - Jury found guilty in 1 hr and suggested clemency - Brits, USA and France called for clemancy Gov't overruled crt decision - Wanted revenge for Scott - MacDonald had him go to mental hopsital, but riel stated he was fine - Hung Nov 16, 1885 - Riots in Quebec

Answer 128

- Cost 6 million - Last western rebellion Settlers now dominated - Elective assembly created 1 yr later - No Metis involved - Riel execution - Imprisonment of Indigenous leaders - CPR completion

Answer 129

- Metis call it resistance for survival due to gov't failure. - Treason charges interesting - French viewed as hero - Led last stand before colonization - USA view is Canada took American citizen and sentenced him for treason.

Answer 130

Goes back to 1870 confederacy deal - Guaranteed French Catholic language - By 1890 French minority - Prov Gov't thought ok to pass school act due to this. - Act important because at a time when Prov gov'ts trying to increase power.

Answer 131

- Ended public funding for Catholic schools - Abolished French as official language - Gov't viewed conferedacy policies as outdated and not reality - French believed Manitoba overstepped as they not invlolved at confederacy - Viewed it as attack on French people in shaping Canada - Keep them in Quebec

Answer 132

Did Fed or Prov gov't have right to change provincial constitution? - So what gov't has what powers? - With school - can feds override decision? This is why Manitoba School Act was important. - Opened up debates on gov't relations

Answer 133

Intended federal power - MacDonald he had to give some up in negotiations with provinces. - Thought it would fade away - Did not expect it from Oliver Mowat who founded confederacy. - Referred to as "father of prov rights"

Answer 134

Provinces entered agreement which can be chnaged by them. Feds just an organizer of agreement. - Quebec Premier Mercier supported - Both created first interprovincial conference in Quebec City in 1887.

Answer 135

MacDonald died in office in 1891 - No good relpacements, but just won election. - Four quick relpacements

Answer 136

1. John Abbot 2. John Thompson 3. Mackenzie Bowel 4. Charles Tupper

Answer 137

Abbot - 1891-93 - not obnoxious - Did not want job, resigned in 1 year then died of brain cancer. Thompson - 92-94 - Catholic (not good) - First Canadian born PM - Introduced Criminal Code - Died while visiting Queen Victoria

Answer 138

Bowell - 94-96 - Not popular, thought party against him - Called them all traitors - Plaqued by school act - Voted out by party Tupper - 1896 - lasted 69 days - Confederation founder - NS Premier - Brought in just before election

Answer 139

- First French Canadian PM - Liberal - Four consecutive elections - Free trade guy, but public now wanted tariffs - agreed with National Policy - Agreed with regional power, not feds. Cons wanted fed.

Answer 140

Economy good for focus on powers. - Power between gov'ts - New Leaders - New Lib gov't protecting prov rights Englaish Canadian Tupper supporting French minority rights vs. French Canadian supporting Provincial rights (English rights). Laurier won election as he said he would focus on compromise to solve issue.

Answer 141

BNA said seperate school systems that existed by law in original four prov protected. - NB schools system through customs, not laws. - Issues when gov't introdueced non-sectarian system - NB many Catholic and thought it was right. - Catholics asked feds for help - MacDonald said it was prov power.

Answer 142

Made deal with Manitoba Premier Thomas Greenway - No funds for catholic schools - 30 min for religious instruction - Catholic teacher permitted if enough students - Bilingual teaching if more than 10 kids Many upset in Quebec, but Pope sanctioned it.

Answer 143

Some success due to National Policy - Growth in primary industries - Led to secondary industires (roads, trains) Canadian North and Pacific Nation joined trains - Created jobs and connected people and market

Answer 144

- Investors from USA and UK - Wanted our resources - Prov gov'ts gave grants to companies - Gov'ts encouraged companies via little regulation - If gov't tried to regulate then company would say feds had that power - played both gov'ts.

Answer 145

- With small population only the state could take on tasks not immediately profitable E.G., Ontario Hydro - Need for cheap energy so gov't wouldn't let small company run it. - Adam Beck - Mayor of London, On, got Crown Corp approved by 1925.

Answer 146

Limited liability concept - If comp failed, then investors resp for only part of settlements - So company would lose, but not individuals - Less risky

Answer 147

Banks consolidated - 48-8 - 300 - 5000 branches - provided capital for new businesses Three Big Banks - BMO - Royal Bank - Bank of Commerce

Answer 148

Primary/Secondary industries - Gov't providing incentives for outside investment - Crown Corps - Investment Laws - Banks consolidating

Answer 149

Early unions specialized - Printers - Gov't refuesed recognition First victory in 1872 - Trade Unions Act - 100 printers off job for 2 months - MacDonald - unions could exist, but be registered. - Goes with National Policy

Answer 150

Happened at same time as Trade Unions Act - Penalties for protesting - Could have a union, but not go on strike

Answer 151

Unions refused women - Increasing their wages took jobs from men Minoirities - Cheap labour against union purpose

Answer 152

Pope stated that Catholics need to help workers - People looked to the church over gov't for help with social problems E.G., Caisses Populaires (Credit Unions) - Alphonse Desjardins. - Small banks - Helped give funding for small businesses and individuals - Believed lack of capital hindering French Canadians living standards

Answer 153

Promoted Catholic unions - Worried workers in normal unions would become materialistic - Work with managers for cooperation and Christian charity

Answer 154

Some saw alcohol as problem Temperance - Personal choice not to drink Prohibition - Laws against it.

Answer 155

Cities/towns can prohibit alcohol sales if electorates approve - Raymond/Cardston votes PEI - Passed prohibition laws in 1901 - Other provinces did during WWI

Answer 156

Links between reform movements and suffrage Some got involved for their broader goals - Education, Careers, etc. - Reform movements allowed women to take front seat roles in advocating against gov't.

Answer 157

Need to know to understand arguments for and against women suffrage. - People moving to cities - Men working in factories and not at home. - Home and workplace meaning now changing. - Women primary caregivers now firmly in domestic sphere - Men now in public sphere

Answer 158

Philosophy says it is good for seperation. - Women physically/emotionally unable to be in public sphere - Women morally superior so stay home and teach kids

Answer 159

Religion supported views - Women to good for public Voting - Women did not need to vote - Men knew best - Wife could influence husband

Answer 160

Women Argument - Because moral superiority they should vote and play a role in politics - Men are corrupt - Women can clean things up. - Wanted vote for other social reformed goals

Answer 161

- Fight for natural law - Fundamental equality - All adults have right to vote - Education and work open for everyone.

Answer 162

- Dominated by middle class - Many argued they had nannies which gave them time to fight for rights - So the rights they are pushing for are class based.

Answer 163

Support people already in your country and not those coming in. - Middle/Upper class women should be able to vote over lower class immigrants - Racist viewpoint in movement - Indigenous and Asian men could not vote.

Answer 164

- Maternal Feminist - Social Reformist - Winnipeg - Women wanted vote for other changes - Joined Woman's Christian Temperance Union for a social problem she wanted resolved and it got her into politics. - Women suffered from prohibition

Answer 165

Equal rights feminist - Doctor and school principle - Quaker background - believed in equality - Refused from med school - women - went to USA - Started Women's Suffrage Association - Western women had support of farmers

Answer 166

- First in provinces - 1872 in BC - Ontario 10 yrs later - 1916 election fought on reformed platform including suffrage - Manitoba Libs supported it. - PEI added women in 1922

Answer 167

Church fought against it - Marie led fight in Quebec - Started organizations to bring together other female organizations - Strongest oppostion from women who thought suffrage a threat to their identity. - Quebec women got right to vote in 1940.

Answer 168

MVA - 1917 - vote right extended to women serving. WTEA - Wives, children or mother of thsoe serving could vote Gov't wanted draft passed - Thought people close to those overseas would vote in favor of it. 1918 British women over 21 could vote. 1970 changed to 18.

Answer 169

Assassinatin of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serbia. - War got bigger as allies forced to join.

Answer 170

Aug 4, 1914 - Still British colony

Answer 171

Excited about it - Borden met with parliament who cheered - Parades and singing - Thought necessary for survival - Viewed it as good vs. evil. - Democracy against autocracy

Answer 172

Patriotic Reasons - Thought is would be short - Wanted to be heros Practical Reasons - Job after recession - Wanted to help Canada prove itself against world.

Answer 173

Discouraged visible minorities Africans pushed and got own battalian - No. 2 Construction Battalian - Officers were white - No combat, saved for whites. Indigenous/Asian - Not allowed. Claimed enemy would not receive same respect as other soldier. Crap lie. - FN unit (114th) created, but split up later. - Ducky Norwest accomplished sniper

Answer 174

- Show support for country taking them in. - Hoping to get citizenship and voting rights. - Job By 1917 restrictions lifted.

Answer 175

Canada not ready for war - Passed Acts to grant themselves power. War Measures Act - Vague wording on purpose - Gov't does not need parliament approval

Answer 176

People in Canada from enemy countries - Given ID cards - Check in with police - Some interned - 24 camps - Forced Labour - national parks

Answer 177

Thought this war would end all wars. Goal was to kill as many people as possible Advanced weapons - Planes - Tanks - Guns - Chemicals

Answer 178

Large pieces of land with trenches on both sides - Most Canadians served in them on western front - Troops rotated in and out - Lots of shelling and artillery - Sleep deprivation - Vermon - Shell shock (PTSD)

Answer 179

Many joined Brits airforce - Called Flying Aces - Points for shooting down enemies - Ray Brown shot Red Baron - Billy Bishop shot 72 - Victoria Cross - Planes new and many died from crashing.

Answer 180

Total resources committed to war - Pulled in economy - Started regulating production/distribution of food and fuels. - Started censoring people

Answer 181

People getting mad - Lack of food/fuels - Sons dying - Factories built in Central Canada - Workers and poor giving up more - Unity in Canada cracking

Answer 182

Bonds - Buy bonds now and cash in later for more money Taxation - Business profit tax - Federal income tax - Supposed to be temporary

Answer 183

Nurses - Hospital, ships, trains Traditional work - Clothing - Victory gardens - Food - Fundraising - Patriotic fund for serving families - Enter workforce Recruiting - Persuade husbands/sons to go - Their job to sacrifice family - Shame men who don't enlist

Answer 184

Brits never included Canada at beginning of war - Canada wanted involvement - David George got dominion countries involved in London via cabinet - Replaced Brit officers with Canadian

Answer 185

First commander of Canadian Core - Strategist - Won many battles including Vimy.

Answer 186

Northern France - Very well defended - Canadians charged with taking it back - April 9, 1917 (Easter) - 70,000 Troops - 3598 killed, 7000 wounded - Canadians called storm troopers

Answer 187

- Battle of Ypres: 2000 - Battle of Somme: 8000, NFL lost 3/4 of regiment - Battle of Vimy 3600

Answer 188

David George calls on Canada - Borden promises 500,000 troops - Conscription on the way

Answer 189

Not enlisting as much as other provinces - Not their war - No strong ties to Brits or France - Traditional Catholics - France Athiest - Many farmers -married with obligations - Army was English speaking - Recruiter was english speaking methodist - Issues with Ont. School system - country denies them then asks for help.

Answer 190

Elected in 1911, but next election in 1917 - Convinces Libs of coalition gov't before he called election. - Thought if both gov'ts in agreeance then conscription would be easier.

Answer 191

May 1917 - Borden justified by stating war was defensive - Big deal as traditionally it was about volunteering. Done in two stages. - Passed bill before election - Enforced after election

Answer 192

Quebec did not like gov't forcing them to fight for Brits - Anti conscription parades - Turned into riots after enforced - Easter riot left 10 dead Others Opposing - Farmers - sons already contributing - Workers: could lead to industrial conscription - Poor upset they are giving more Some liked conscription - Democratic and sacrifice now equal

Answer 193

Soldiers get to vote - Gender does not matter - nationality did not matter - If vote not specified, then gov't could change it

Answer 194

Vote to - mother, wife, daughter of servicemen Vote From - People refusing to fight - Aliens - If you refuse to enlist you don't get rights - tied to citizenship

Answer 195

Dec 6, 1917 - Two ships collide in harbour - One had munitions - Largest man made explosion until Hiroshima - 1600 killed, 9000 wounded - Created tital wave

Answer 196

German submarine warfare in North Atlantic - USA got involved in 1918 - Germans trying to win before USA arrives - Final push had over 100,000 deaths - 16,000 Canadians in Passchendaele Spring Battle - Canadians turn tide in last 100 days

Answer 197

- Brits lost city in 1914 - Canadians take it back on Nov 11, 1918 War ended - 650,000 Canadians fought - 60,000 killed - Population was less than 8 million

Answer 198

30-50,000 Canadians killed - Soldiers came home to find family dying - Started in USA and moved with soldiers - 20 million killed world wide

Answer 199

Borden got Canada signature - Symbolic League of Nations - Goal to prevent another world war - Canada got seat despite being a dominion - Lost more than USA did.

Post 1867 Flashcards

(226 cards)