Pre 1867 Flashcards

Question

When agriculture started

Answer 1

Started in different areas around the same time 10-15,000 yrs ago - Worldwide climate change allowed this - changing carbondioxide in atmosphere allowed for faster growing and bigger plants

Answer 2

- Most agricultural - 3 sisters: corn, squash, beans from south americas in 1300s. - Advantages: adaptable to climates, replenished soil - move fileds every 15 yrs, eat together to get most nutrition. - Agriculture provided 50-70% of calories.

Answer 3

1500s - 2300 sq miles of cultivated land - 25 villages - 30,000 people - Huron main language, but many dialects - Central gov't - All came together for Feast of the Dead.

Answer 4

1500s - Many languages - 16,000 people - villages spread out - Villages had more power - Dealt with external threats more than internal operations - ran by 50 sachem chiefs - Women chose chiefs from elite families - Governed by the Great League of Peace

Answer 5

Founded by - Dekanawidah (heavenly messanger) - Hiawatha (One who Combs) - Power solidified by by a 1451 solar eclipse

Answer 6

- Moved lots - animals and weather - Small animals killed with spears/arrows - Large animales - snares in closed areas or herded into water and then speared - Some of the best trappers - early fur traders - beavers and hares - Engaged in fishery in spring - women job - hook, lines, spears, traps

Answer 7

- Earliest contact with settler - Norse settlement - Divide time between coast line and forest - Beothuk wiped out by contact experience - skin or bark tents - seaworthy conaoes - used powdered hematite for painting - red indian term

Answer 8

- most adaptable - misnamed "eskimo" - algonquin term meaning "meat eaters" - Primary food was from the ocean - Large mammals - polar bear, walrus, whales, eals,etc. - Used advanced weapons - atlatals, drift wood handled harpoons -

Answer 9

- Used bone bows to hunt in the forest - invented the kayak - Invented Umiak - sea hunting and moving lots - Sled dogs - if they had means to maintain them.

Answer 10

- Bison center of economy, but also hunted elk/moose and fish using a weir. - Horses introduced by Spain in 1500s. - Evidence suggests horses were here previously, but wiped out and then re-introduced by spain.

Answer 11

- Groups came together under a leader/poundmaker for hunts - Summer and winter hunts - Internal police force - burn items if you do not follow rules - Used a Pound - circular enclosure with a fenced chute at the mouth. Herded into area and then community used lances, bows and arrows. - Mostly done for winter hunts.

Answer 12

- Rush bison off cliff using fire and drovers on foot - Enclosure at base to contain those that did not die - Prominent sights used as trading posts Third method was encircling herd on foot - dangerous.

Answer 13

- Used for clothing, lodging, food, tools, etc. - Used for trading - Preserved meat as pemmican - meat, fat, and berries mixed - packed into hides - slowed bacteria - Lots of calories when moving.

Answer 14

- Salmon central to food economy and social structures. - Salmon brought groups together - Many languages suggesting settlement very early. Pacific coast was ice free earlier so this may be possible.

Answer 15

- Supply greater on coast over rivers - depended on spawning - Preserved through drying or smoking - Eulachon fish gave vitamin filled oil - Dried salmon low on fat and traded - Some groups ate shellfish - Haida hunted seals and sea otters

Answer 16

- Nu-chan-uth hunted whales - claim only ones - Oral stories say different - Others may have used beached or trapped whales - Whaling techniques had already been developed and passed north.

Answer 17

- Relied more on hunting - Gathered huckleberries to dry into cakes - Had principle winter dwelling and several summer dwelling locations - Shelters had stationary beams and moveable outside planks. - weaved wool and cedar.

Answer 18

- More developed society - Had gender division of labor - Organized via rigid class system - Clear leaders - wealthy - Wealth came from passing down prime fishing/hunting spots. Only kin could use spots unless permission provided - Displaying wealth done through gifting during ceremonies - Potlatch.

Answer 19

- Practiced slavery - part of economic system - Slaves had no rights and not likely to be freed - Usually captured or group members heavily in debt. - Capturing slaves via raiding improved social status - Most Pacific coast groups were distinct entities

Answer 20

- Many trade routes - Specific protocol for trade to avoid conflict - Goods traded and gifted - Ceremonies included gift giving and done often to reinforce relationship - Gift giving also displayed wealth, rank and power

Answer 21

- Indigenous people saw humans as part of creation - Christianity put them at the Center of creation - European lives differed between nations and classes (feudalism) - United by gov't style and religion - Monarchs and Christianity -

Answer 22

Europe had big changes already. - 1400s Renaissance in italy - led to intellectualism - Johannes Gutenberg created printing press in 1440 - cheaply made - mass literacy - Sharing info easier and faster.

Answer 23

Feudalism dying - kings claim divine rights/more power Eventually modern gov't created and could borrow money - States got bigger via conquest and colonization - Very Rural - 70% pop tied to agriculture which demonstrated wealth.

Answer 24

Most places organized with some form of Primogeniture - son inherits titles and land - Women rarely inherit - Almost no rights - Barred from school and guilds - Witchcraft accusations - 60,000 killed between 1500-1750.

Answer 25

- Roman catholic church dominant - Facing internal issues - Nation state on its own - Chruch divided in classes - bishops, priests, cardinals, pope, etc. - Huge cathedrals - demonstrate power - Promised better afterlife and took lots of tithes

Answer 26

- Young monk - spoke out against extreme practices - spending habits and paying for penance - Used printing press to spread his views - Excommunicated - Started Protestant Reformation in 1517 -

Answer 27

- Breaks off of Roman Catholic church and starts Church of England - Takes wealth from British monasteries - Protestants and catholics at a spiritual arms race in converting Indigenous people in Canada

Answer 28

Developed by Mary Pratt: Imperial Eyes - Travel Writing and Transculturation (1992) - The space of colonial encounters, where people once separated established ongoing relationships. - "usually involving conditions of coercion, racial inequality, and intractable conflict".

Answer 29

Processes by which one group is constructed as dissimilar from another. - Then how they represent that group such as through stereotypical images like caricatures. Construction of a group of others - Euros come and have ideas. - Start to characterize natives - Created system saying they are the best and on top of natives (the other) - Part of colonialism to exclude other groups.

Answer 30

Europeans figure out Americas unique landmass - Begin getting a foothold in future Canada - If Indigenous groups has not met Euro directly they have indirectly through trade routes.

Answer 31

- Made contact in about 1000AD. - Evidence of settlement **Vinland** in modern day L'Anse aux Meadows - Norse writings detail how vikings got here, but done in style like it was actually happening. Books - The Saga of Eric the Red - The Saga of the Greenlanders - Islendingabok

Answer 32

- Remains show many buildings with sod over wooden frames - Central meeting building and blacksmith - 70-90 people including women - usually means settling. - Stayed one winter and settlement disbanded quickly in orderly fashion

Answer 33

Sagas say local inhabitants called Skraelings (small or withered) - Small men with beards who made hissing noises - Theory does not make sense as viking have good weapons and could fend off Skraelings. - Skraelings may have been indigenous people portrayed as mythical. - Vikings ended up in Greenland

Answer 34

- Spurred by renaissance developments in geogrpahy - Desire for easy route to Asia - England, Spain, Portugal have few internal resources so built trade empires elswhere.

Answer 35

– means “coastal seaman”. - Was living in Spain, but when to England to find backer for expedition. - Henry 7th Provided ship "Michael" and 18 crew. - Landed in NFL and thought it was Asia - Finds fish and reports it. - Get another expedition in 1498, but went down in ocean.

Answer 36

- Euros figure out Americas are new landmass - Want to know size and what resources are there? - Again notice lots of fish

Answer 37

Took a bit because they had resources at home - Had no sailors themselves so had to hire Jacques Cartier

Answer 38

- Rumored to have been to Brazil and New France - No way to check resume - Need for proof led to kidnapping natives - Used them for funding and shows what they already thought of Natives.

Answer 39

King Francis supports voyage in 1534 - Makes it to Gaspe Harbour (Quebec) - Meet Iroquois at Stadacona - Cartier took items for trading - Erected 9 meter high cross on beach - Local Chief Donacona and members go to ships in canoes.

Answer 40

- Cartier kidnaps Donaconas kin Taignoagny and Domagaya for guides and proof - Boys taken to europe in order to get more funding - Francis funds second voyage

Answer 41

Francis funds second voyage - Hope that St. Lawrence river will provide way through continent to Asia - More supplies - stay over winter - Cartier makes blunders starting with setting up camp without permission - Doesnt make trading alliance - Goes up river without permission - Donacona Kin welcomed home and told of bad treatment.

Answer 42

- Paranoid Donacona and family plotting against him - Cuts off ties with Iroquois when epidemic hits, but they still get scurvy - Donacona saves them with white cedar tea - vitamin C - Donacona puts up with them in hopes of trade. -Cartier learns St. Lawrence does not go through to Asia.

Answer 43

Donacona tells about Saguenay which is a kingdom ran by white men. - Kingdom rich in gold, silver, and jewels. - Kingdom may have been inland copper deposits - May have been Donacona repeating a story he heard about south american empires - Donacona may have been making it up.

Answer 44

- Wants more funding - Directions to Saguenay - Hopes weaker chief will take over - France believes Indigenous people innocent and to stupid to lie - King supports third voyage in 1541 - Appoints Sieur de Roberval - viceroy of Saguenay. - Roberval follows behind Cartier with more supplies and colonizers.

Answer 45

- Failed to return one captive women who died. - Afraid she would tell of mistreatment - Sets up settlement in Cap Rouge without permission again. - Iroqouis want kin back and don't believe Cartiers lies. - Tensions increase - Cartier leaves, meets Roberval in harbour and directs him to settlement.

Answer 46

- Goes to settlement - Scurvy hits again - Iroquois won't help this time - 1543 Roberval and survivors head home - Roberval blamed for settlement failure - France pauses settlement idea due to failure and political changes.

Answer 47

A place where people come to extract resources through labour and trade, and then return home. - Several trips - no permanent settlement desire - Infrastructure meant for processing raw materials - Dominated by Basque fisherman/whalers off of NFL coast - Whale oil used for lamps and lubricants.

Answer 48

- Fish needed to support Catholic Church fasting practices - Easy to preserve - Basque controlled Atlantic trade. Arrived in spring and left in December - salted fish on beach and traded with Mi'kmaq

Answer 49

Major unintended consequence at contact - European diseases becomes shock troops - Spread and contact and then through trade networks - Mass evidence of major death events. mass sites of unburied and hastly buried corpses.

Answer 50

Measels, mumps, pneumonic and bubonic plague, scarlet fever, etc. - Small pox worst - caused by variola virus - Rash that blistered - high fever Complications: blindness, joint and bone infections and pneumonia - Very contagious - saliva droplets and rash.

Answer 51

- All got sick at once. Nobody to care for each other. - Europe older generation immune - Normal mortality rat 3/10 - No way to prevent spread or treat symptoms. - FN culture made it worse as they would bring community together for support.

Answer 52

Many died from cascade effects - malnurished as nobody to collect food - Social and leader breakdowns creating internal political struggles - Outsiders attack as they are weak - Disease helped to make way for European settlement

Answer 53

Good that Canada was sojourner society - not enough fish in Iceland - English able to find niche in market due to decline in Spain and Basque over taxing. - Set out from sea ports in Bristol, Devon, and Cornwall - Many claims as to what Canada will be, but European rulers paid little attention to it.

Answer 54

- Drying method was cheaper as salt had to be imported. - Less salt during drying process - Infrastructure had to be rebuilt every year - weathered. - Too much rowing between large ships and shore.

Answer 55

- Fisherman took whatever proce offered in Europe - English civil war broke out making colonization more attractive. - NFL plantation style modeled after Virgina - Plantation meaning large scale agriculture with slaves (tobacco, cotton) - Colonies usually structured around one resource. Rich bring in people to harvest resource and create communities.

Answer 56

- 1610 Company for Colonization created - King James 1 grants charter for Cuper's Cove - Later charter goven for whole island - Charter system is low risk, but huge benefits for James - Charter iteslf can be sold to other companies, but can be revoked by King.

Answer 57

- Get settlers in new world supporting English claim - Not responsible for infrastructure or law and order. - PR bump for Christian foothold in Pagan world - NFL nursery for sailors - experienced seaman for navy.

Answer 58

Company pays settler to come harvest resource. NFL brought over fishing families - Provides loans and grants - Provides basic social structures - Company defrays cost by selling stock. - Company who holds charter controls trade. Here fisherman have to sell to the company. - Company then sells in Europe and gives profits to shareholders. This type of investment risky, but not here as product and market already established.

Answer 59

- Did great due to mild winters - Winters not ususaally mild and they thought they could grow both food and livestock feed. - Only four deaths - Oddas usually populating a colony meant large death numbers - Created good relationship with Beothuk

Answer 60

- Scury again - Realize land not good for crops - Fails to miantain relationship with Beothuk - Some died, other went home and some stayed. - Company for the Colonization of NFL gives up charter. Sold many times until 1825.

Answer 61

Members have different goals - Charter holders want money - Settlers want new life - Settler produce one thing and trapped by market - Company hold financial pwer through Truck Practices. They set prices for fish and also sell supplies to settlers. - Manipulates system so settles don't get ahead. - settlers have to provide and maintain fishing infrastructure.

Answer 62

- Structural issues worsen with weather - Winter cold and short growing season - Rocky soil with few nutrients - not enough feed for livestock - have to buy supplies wich is more debt. - Other industry is seal hunting.

Answer 63

- Increase in pop as focus on families and not individuals. - Families took over from the professional processing crews.

Answer 64

**Fisherman**: throws catch onto stage. **Runners**: take fish to processing huts **Header**: slits fish’s belly open, removes liver from making cod liver oil, discards guts **Splitter**: splits the fish open to remove the bones **Salter**: lays the fish out to dry and applies the salt - also watches them to keep them safe from weather

Answer 65

- Make/train new workers - maintain kitchen garden - Garden needed for nutrition and preservation of food - Had to create topsoil by cutting sod from wood and then putting in human crap and fish bi-products. - Neighbors would steal from each other.

Answer 66

- Fetch water from streams and rivers - Small livestock maintained by women - Surplus sold to merchant families - Gathered berries - Maintain clothing. Labour intensive to make from wool if you had sheep. - Patch clothing as much as possible.

Answer 67

- Had class and gender distinctions - fewer women, but enough for natural increase. Merchant families wealthiest or their managers - Educated - Big houses - Had servants - women who usually married fisherman - Provided work for different trades. Indentured servants - Passage paid by employer and they would then work it off while getting room and board. Later became fishermen.

Answer 68

- Lasted until 1825 when Crown makes NFL official colony - No more charters and fishermen can engage in free market, but still limited companies to sell fish to for import. - Governor appointed - Ended Oligarchy style gov't (merch families) - 1832 NFL gets responsible gov't with elected officials.

Answer 69

Prime conditions - Many countries fighting over resources - Turned blind eye as long as they robbed other country - Many non-professiional raiders - Many **Privateers** - pirates goven commission and ship to raid and sink enemy ships. - Rarely any bloodshed - Looked for lower value cargo with less guards

Answer 70

1602-1615 - Privateer who raided Spanish for English Queen Elizabeth 1st. - Steals his ship "The Happy Adventurer" and goes rouge in 1603. - Starts with NFL settlers paying him for protection. Usually with supplies - Gets 10 ships with 5-1400 men. - Attacked English and nonn-english ships

Answer 71

- Built fortress at Harbour Grace and defended with canons. - Applied for pardon from King James 1. Took to long to get to him though. - Moved to Tunis - Duke of Duchy of Salvoy declares Nice and Villefranche free port cities where pirates can pay for asylum. - Becomes friend with Duke after helping with defences - Duke makes him Marquis of Savoy - Marries a Heiress and retires in luxury.

Answer 72

- Disease and events led to indigenous groups moving around. - Iroqouis moved south - Algonquin groups moved into area and allied with Hurons. Fisherman in Atlantic and gulf of St, Lawrence began trading furs with Indians. - This becomes primary trade for Canada. Samuel de Champlain travelling to St, Lawrence. - "Father of New France" - Published Des Sauvages, on Voyagede Samuel Chaplain on 1603.

Answer 73

- Gets funds for trading post in Canada - Goes up the St. Lawrence river to avoid competition with Basque. - Allows them first pick of furs.

Answer 74

- Ambitious and mobile - Trained soldier - Devout Catholic - One of first to see new land as a place for people without money to move upwards.

Answer 75

Learned to work with indigenous people for mutual benefit - Adapted indigenous technology instead of forcing european technology Algonquin Birch Bark Canoe - maneuverable when loaded - readily available resources - very light Trading partners also taught him about proper clothing and scurvy.

Answer 76

- Willing to learn Indian language, customs. obligations and alliancces. - Understood alliance also means going to war. Made Iroqouis enemies of Hurons and French

Answer 77

- Still a settler who believed French had right to settle. - Could not recognize Indian religion as valid so he brought Catholic missionaries. - They had long term impacts - settled Quebec in 1608 Sovereign Council in 1663, but started as early as 1647.

Answer 78

Charter holders controlled fur trade Diffrences from NFL - Oligarchy merchants still, but tempered by colony's official status. - Governors council - intendent main rep for colony, but also had church reps and merchant reps. - Not just needs of fur trade heard. - **Habitants** (peasant settlers) could protest as they had more power here then in France.

Answer 79

Strong military presence - colony had official status - threats from Iroquois after 1667 peace treaty. - Colonial wars with English - Prevented lawlessness/raiding - Soldier gave labour to farmers Oct-May - Given incentives to stay and settle.

Answer 80

More diverse economy - timber trade - fertile land with Indigenous and French crops adapting to climate - Close to markets in west indies - Fur trade still dominant

Answer 81

Agriculture arranged into **seigneurial system. ** French Crown claimed land and divided it into **seigneuries** - Seigneuries granted to landlords who rent to tenants (habitants) - Always settled in strips towards river for irrigation and transport - Created a long village between Quebec city and Montreal. - Village hard to defend

Answer 82

Generally benefitted tenant - Mutual obligations - Landlords had to build infrastructure such as bread ovens and mills. - They don't make money as landlord could not charge much rent without scaring people off. - Had to rent to habitants wanting to farm.

Answer 83

French Businessmen - Part of investment portfolio. Risky but big gains - Most had managers running operations Catholic Church - Always had large holdings - rented or had monasteries/nunneries - Spiritual investment as land was foothold in new world - Felt duty of care for settlers and Indians Local Noble Families - Social investment with voice in New France gov't.

Answer 84

First structure was parish church - Needed 50 families to support parish priest via tithes. - 1659 3 parishes - 1721 82 parishes, but no resident priest -used circuit priests/missionaries - Local church gathering place and educational centre.

Answer 85

First unit of social organization - mutual obligations both legal and cultural norms - averaged 11 children - 7 made adulthood Patriarchal tradition - men head - children ask permission to marry. - Could be disinherited from family - Cannot be an adult without being married.

Answer 86

- Nepotism used to balance patriarchal authority - Advancement for you is advancement fo family - Father sets up sons with land or apprenticeship. - Young sons could choose church - giving child demonstrated familty piety.

Answer 87

French common law gave women and children more rights than British - Both men and women had to agree to sell land/business. Prairie women get that after great depression. - Women and adult children divided estate. - Orphaned children made into indentured servants until 12.

Answer 88

- Women outlived men past childbearing years. - Widows with children became heads of house and businesses. - Children would take care of parents - Youngest son could be deeded farm in exchnage of taking care of parents. - Women could be head of house while husband working in fur trade.

Answer 89

Women could get legally seperate but not divorced as against church and common laws. Seperation of Goods - Husband mismanaged money then wife could take over portion of money to take care of kids. Seperation of bed and board - Not illegal to beat wife/kids, but extreme violence or forced prostitution could result in women and children granted a second life with alimony.

Answer 90

- Not easy to get - Women needed impeccable moral character - Women in England gets this in 1980s. - Could not get married again - Community could punish husband via **charivari** - rough music outside house at night.

Answer 91

Lots of men, but not many white women of marriagable age. Why not Indigenous? - Popular with fur trade, but not in colony - Church discouraged - men become more indigenous and might leave colony. - men engaged in marriage lke relationships, but nothing formal

Answer 92

Colonial officals concerned - Want colony homegrown settlers - Afraid of inbred - Threats from English colonies - Women labour allows colony to grow and survive. Men away lots. - Worreid men will take on fur trade full time instead of settling.

Answer 93

Intendant pleads for more women sent to colony - Between 1663-73 770 women arrive Filles du roi program starts. Recruitment - Recruiters get commission and most worked for church or charity groups - Recruited from orphanages, free hospitals, rural parishes. - Most women were to marry anyways, but New France gave more options and chance to raise status. Don't know much about them and have tried to learn via marriage and baptisimal records.

Answer 94

- Early teens to late 30s - childbearing years. - Physically able - trip and labour. - Robust enough to bear children and not die. - Mostly uneducated - 23% could sign names. - Received 50 livres 12% from middle class or minor nobility - literate - suffered status loss due to father dying - Unlikely to marry in France - Received up to 600 livres. 11% broke of first engagments to go. - colony lofe seemed better - Mentally tough due to childhood - Lived longer than men if survived childbearing years. - More fertile than women in France - one child per year.

Answer 95

Voyage took 6-9 week - Rough and dangerous - Women chaperoned by nuns - 10% of passengers would die - Came in waves, but lived in overcrowded houses in Quebec.

Answer 96

When ship arrived they would go to present themselves - Wanted out of fathers control - Single men penalized via taxes - Sinlge men had to be married within 15 days of ship arriving. - Wanted sexual rights and companionship - would recieve dowry money - livestock, materials, etc.

Answer 97

- Better food - Less malnutrition disease such as rickets. - More protein - Warm often as they had firewood - Less poverty disease -pneumonia, cholera, etc. Overall the program was a huge success.

Answer 98

Big historiographical question - Comparisons made with 13 USA colonies - Majority of NF habitants illiterate - Cycles of literacy as some women could teach children - Church focused on religious teaching and focused on needs of farms. - No printing press in colony

Answer 99

- Mostly bread, soup, stews - adjusted to what was on hand - could be left cooking until needed - Had sweets due to maple sugar - Taught process by Indigenous allies.

Answer 100

Habitant clothing - Practical - simple european peasant wear - Skirts off ground to keep clean - worn with short jackets - Men wore breeches and shirts - most wore moccasins bought from Indians

Answer 101

- Folk music and dancing - Storytelling included adapted Indigenous stories - Carnival before lent biggest celebration - Food, drinks, costumes, plays, etc.

Answer 102

3.5% wealthy or minor nobility (second estate) - less money to support cultural activites - Most New France elite tied to military who were less educated than court nobility. - focus on honor in fist fights and dueling. - Elite women would run businesses on husband absence

Answer 103

- Kept up with court dress/fashions - Powdered wigs - Imported fabrics - velvet, satin, silks, shoes. - Fancy clothing for church and parties - Stately homes in urban Quebec and Montreal - music instruments, stained glass, libraries.

Answer 104

1600-1800s Beaver felt hats popular in Europe. - Water repellant and used for hundreds of years - Mentioned in Canterbury Tales 1300s European beaver replaced by American beavers (castor fiber vs castor canadenis) - Euro beaver on average larger, but Amer beaver cab grow larger. - Again euro factors affect Canada - Other animals traded, but not as valuable.

Answer 105

- Focus on export raw material - Europeans traded with Indians who traded with other indians. - French - Champlain - allied with Huron and their allies.

Answer 106

First trade monopoly - Focus on defence of trading posts from Iroquois and English traders Two historical enemies. Both wanted control of fur trade. - Iroquois/English - Hurons/French

Answer 107

- Euro trade goods - kettles, axes, firearms - French would not arm Hurins unless converted Companie des Cent-Associe falls - Charter given to oligarchy families call Companie of the Habitants - Provides protection - regulates trade - settle 20 settlers a yr. - 1000 beaver skins paid to crown

Answer 108

- "Runners of the Woods" - Not easily ruled - Smuggled if taxes to high - Spent most time with Indigenous allies than colony - Explored west to map land for euros

Answer 109

- Tries using trade to grow colony - French traders could buy furs from whomever, but had to sell to Charter holder. - tied charter to working land and giving aid to catholic missionaries for conversion - French traders managed own affairs.

Answer 110

Huron and French traders pushed inward to Ottawa - Iroquois would raid supply lines Iroquois extinguished beavers in their territory, went into Huron territory in 1600s.

Answer 111

- Many battles and raids - Main raid was sacking Huronia in 1649 - Many Hurons killed - Other fled to New France for protection - Some adopted into Iroquois community - Iroquois moved into Huron territory - French make peace in 1653 and 1667

Answer 112

Many men away from colony worried officials - Hard to defend - Tensions between France and English grows - 1682 colonial official John-Baptiste creates the Conge System.

Answer 113

Conge = Licence to trade - Only 75 men allowed gone to trade at one time - colonists to wait for their turn - Furs have different characteristics and values throughout year. - System failed

Answer 114

- Looking for north foothold - Brother in-laws who show Brits passage through Hudson Bay and introduce them to Cree trading partners - Grew up with Mohawks and the decided to go around lake superior to collect furs. - french governor saw their success and gave them one year in New France. A few days late and governor took everything from them. This led to them going to the English in 1660. May 2, 1670 they got charter and started HBC and the colony of Rupert's Land.

Answer 115

Charles II grants Charter to all water that flow into Ruperts Land - Prince Ruperts one of founders of company Military style organization - General Court - board - London based. - Governor and committee run operations - Based on stationary posts called factories - Reports lots to London - No desire for settlement oR missionary work

Answer 116

- Keep Canada sojourner society - men would spend several years, but not settle or marry - Many bachelors from Scottish Orkney Islands - Last port before crossing Atlantic Monastic expectations - don't mess with Cree women and ruin trade - Indian tradition allowed for trade alliances cemented through marriage - Disconnect between London and workers. - Workers relaxed rules.

Answer 117

- Supposed to serve as village mall - centralized trading posts - Indians to bring furs there. Initially did not work Need for overwintering because: - winter beaver furs better - maintain relations with Cree to keep them from allying with French

Answer 118

- Long standing relationship with Indians - Many intermarriages - Better exploitation of territory - ready access to birch trees - Colony business limited trade Winners - Indigenous - Played both groups - Gave better furs to French over HBC - HBC laxed rules - 1713 Treaty of Utrecht - France recognized English rights to Ruperts Land - Less raids

Answer 119

Ended war of Spanish Succession French restored drainage system to HB area - French compensated HBC for losses during war. - French ceded claims to NFL.

Answer 120

HBC got competitive so French traders band together - Created company in 1779 - only lower level traders are French - Managements by Scots who went to Montreal during American revolution 1765-83 - Company absorbs smaller French trading companies - Competition makes HBC move into fur trade aggressively

Answer 121

HBC and NWC make made beaver currency. - Cash in low supply in New World - Made beaver was a prime beaver skin that was worn for one year to rub off barbs - Regular beaver had not been worn down yet. - Currency made it easier for book keeping and for forts not to be played against each other.

Answer 122

- Ongoing competition - Push each other to expand. - NWC better at expanding west. Better connections with Indians. - Eventually clash into each others territory - HBC smaller, but more capital and connections to English Crown - Both try colonial hostile takeovers, but HBC wins - 1821 companies merge.

Answer 123

- Write down dates of events - Why Englsih had more success over French - Cartier Vs. Champlain

Answer 124

Fur trade drops due to silk taking over -demand for beaver to keep market stable gone. - Fur trade as backbone for Canada gone. Europeans: Alrady got all benefits from fur trade - mapped what Canada will be like Indigenous Families - euros could spread footprint - More pressure on resources - fur trade disrupts traditional way of living.

Answer 125

How lng term marriages were the backbone to how trade got going. How alliances between indigenous women and the white men.

Answer 126

Before merger - prime economic/social arrangements in euro and indig culures. - alliances monogamous and sexual - not official to european eyes - easy divorce allowed - marriages were contact zones - favoured indigenous ways of understanding of marriage and followed their customs - became known as marriages in the custom of the country.

Answer 127

- Before NWC no records of french/Indig relations - Traders lived part time with indigenous family and bachelors in colony on off season - Mixed race families not allowed in NF. - HBC did not allow marriage alliances, but soon added marriage quartes for traders and a house for the Chief - As kids were produced amnd they rose in the ranks, HBC would become run by elite Metis oligarchy.

Answer 128

Often only a few sexual partners in NF, but. - Indig women have sexual autonomy. Can have sex for pleasure in long or short term relationships. - Children welcomed by indigenous family - Euro sex traditions value virginity and chastity because children go to male kin. No DNA testing. Some Indig women traded sex for material goods, but not seen as sex work in Euro sense.

Answer 129

- Language and cultural interpreter - Goods for survival: snowshoes, canoes, pemmican. - If women got higher status then conduit to community furs. - Relationship could make or break trader career. - Learned languages for trade deals - Relationships saved men when accidently breaking rules.

Answer 130

- status/control of fur trade. Secure goods for family and tribe. - Euro tools that made chores easier - kettles. They made her wealthier as well. - Upward mobility - esp if familiy status lowered over time. - less labor due to different ideals of gendered labour. Euro men thought women should not have to do heavy work. Esp. of elite status.

Answer 131

- More children due to sedentary lifestyle - potential conflict with euro men over children. Euro have patriarch and Indig do not. - Cultural tensions. Indig would flatten kids heads. Elite kids were flat. Husbands viewed as barbaric. - Euros see wives as property , but if violent the wife could return to people. - Widespread sexual/regular violence.

Answer 132

What to do If man wanted to return to Europe. Esp. if wealthy now. - Women not accepted there. - 1811 - Red River settlement where mixed race could settle. - Some took indigenous wives and faced racism, but lived rural lives. - Sometimes kids would pass, but wives would not. In many cases they would seperate and women and kids stay with tribe. Easy at first, but problematic later.

Answer 133

Wives used to living at fort. Many lost family connections and traditional ways. - Could not go back as they were not wanted now. Turning off - husband findthem a new husband to care for wife and children. - Precedents in both cultures for this. Sometimes just abandonment.

Answer 134

1800s. - Both companies start discouraging now. - Caused company more many - paid married men more and had to build quarters. - mank skills provided by indigenous women now passed on to men. - Indig women had to compete for husbands with Metis women.

Answer 135

Marriages originally followed Indig culutre, but overtime men start pushing their society on their daughters. Odd as they liked what Indig women offered, but not for daughters.

Answer 136

- perfect combination of Euro and Indig worlds. - Kinship connections with Indig people and Euro people. - Most could make snowshoes - Whiter skin made them more beautiful - More literate - Baptised - Dress in Euro fashions - More chaste and modest - es. daughters.

Answer 137

- wanted marriage legal by clery. - English court system willing to view marriages legit if done in custom of country unitl church got involved. - Men tied to indigenous women forever if clergy approves. Cermony becomes more european - dowry - service followed by a party

Answer 138

Metis culture becomes distinct with Indig and Euro roots. - Different power structures. - Women cannot return due to not being allowed to divorce. - Cannot leave even if husband abuses them or leaves - If they returned they could not survove due to lack of skills. - Marriage became only way to participate in the economy. - Red River gave...

Answer 139

Insisting marriage legal rather than custom. - fewer elite men willing to marry Metis because it is permanent. - Marrying non-white meant shunned from society. - ...

Answer 140

- 1800s whote women move into mixed blood communities like Red River. - Selkirk colonists arrive in 1812 with 18 women. - 1821 swiss settlers bring more - Officers and elites in fur trade take white wives after turning off indigenous wives. - Causes social status of Metis and Indig wives to go down in community.

Answer 141

Victorian Era 1837-1901 - Not actual science, read from bible and social "truths". - Non-whote people closer to beasts and bestial natures. - Non-white people supposed to be more suited to manual tasks. - White women seen as naturally modest. They would blush if lying. - White women had smaller genitalia which meant more modest. So this is all how they categorize theior racism.

Answer 142

- Seen as lesser as more white women come in. - have to work twice as hard to be "ladies" - some men vary cruel to former wives/children. George Simpson - Brought new wife to colony without telling Metis wife or turning her off. - Would not let white wife mix with non-white elites. Starting new class. - Becomes precedent for other elite people.

Answer 143

Increased tension between women - lower class owmen see themselves above elite non-white women. - Mnay elite white wives could not take colony life and they leave back to England. - Gives non-whotes breathing room, but elites still not marrying them. - New focus on settling white families.

Answer 144

- sucess of fur trade rested on long term, invisible, labour of indigenous and metis women and children. - interracial kin networks created through marriage in the custom of the country were the backbone of the fur trade. - But it is clear that....Read slide.

Pre 1867 Flashcards

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