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introduction to metabolism for sports & exercise science > powerpoint 2 > Flashcards

powerpoint 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

How much energy is released from original glucose molecule

A

10% from a anaerobic reaction of glycolysis

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2
Q

To get more energy what needs to happen

A

Additional metabolic pathways need to help out

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3
Q

Pyruvvate –> Acetyl CoA which entres what

A

Kreb cycle

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4
Q

What are the methods to synthesise ATP

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

Oxidative phosphorylation

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5
Q

Kreb cycle is what

A

Aerobic ATP production

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6
Q

Define krebs cycle

A

Completes the oxidation of substrates and produces NADH and FADH2 to entre the electron transport chain

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7
Q

what does the electron transport chain have,

A

oxidative Phosphorylation

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8
Q

What are removed from NADH and FADH2 are passed along a series of carriers to produce ATP

A

Electrons

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9
Q

Catalyses conversion of pyurvate to Acetyl - CoA occurs where

A

Inter mitrochondria membrane

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10
Q

An irreversible reaction for Acetyl - CoA to pyruvate

A

Determines if pyruvate entres the cycle –> guards the door to the cycle

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11
Q

What is the kreb cycle

A

Cyctical series of reactions that oxidise 1 molecule of acetyl-coa to 2 X co2 generating energy cycle is aerobic

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12
Q

What do all cells have to help with energy

A

Mitochondria

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13
Q

Where are enzymes free

A

Mitochondiral matrix

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14
Q

What is the only enzyme that is not in the mitochondiral matrix

A

Succinate dehydrogenase

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15
Q

What is the function of the krebs cycle

A

Final pathway for oxidation of carbs fats and proteins since glucose, fatty acids and amino acids are metabolised to acetyl - coa or to another intermediantes in the cycle

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16
Q

What is the main function of the kreb cycle

A

To produce energy

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17
Q

What type of energy is produce in the kreb cycle

A

ATP or in NADH or FADH through the ETC

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18
Q

How does the kreb cycle operate

A

Anabolically and catabolically

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19
Q

What is the first stage of the krebs cycle

A

Attachment of Acetyl - CoA to the oxalocetate carrier

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20
Q

What is the second stage of the krebs cycle

A

Break up of carriers

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21
Q

What is the third stage of the krebs cycle

A

Regeneration of carrier oxaloacetate

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22
Q

What 3 enzymes are used in the krebs cycle

A
  1. citrate syntase
  2. isocitrate dehydrogenase
  3. A - ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
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23
Q

What is the primary site for ATP synthesis

A

Electron transport chain

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24
Q

What does the ETC require

A

Oxygen

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25
Whate does the ETC convert energy into
NADH FADH2 ATP and Water
26
What is the importance of the 4 proteins complex
Integral membrane proteins in inner mitochondrial membrane through which electrons pass
27
What are the 4 proteins that are used in the ETC
Flavin, iron sulphur protein, haem groups or copper ions
28
When the electrons are passed along the ETC --> h+ they are pumped into what? and casue what?
Intermembrane space creating protein gradient
29
ATP synthase complex allows h+to do what
Allows H+ back into into the mitochondrial matrix and captures energy for production af ATP
30
what is the equasion of h+ activates ATP synthase which catalyzes the reaction
ADP + Pi --> ATP
31
ATP synthase has 2 components F0 and F1 explain them
``` F0 = proton channel by which H+ re-entres mitochondrial matrix F1 = enzyme catalysing ATP synthesis ```
32
What is the importance of oxygen in the ETC
Atp can only be produced if oxygen is present to allow there to be h+ ions so the process if limited without oxygne
33
What are the precentages of chemical enegy used during aerobic respiration
34% captured as ATP | 66% of energy escapes through heat
34
What are the 7 steps to fat catabolism process
1. breakdown of triglyceride to free fatty acids 2. transport of free fatty acids into the blood 3. uptake of free fatty acids from blood to muscles 4. preparation of fatty acids for catabolism 5. Entry of activatted fatty acids into muscle mitochondria 6. Breakdown of fatty acids to acetyl -CoA via B- Oxidation and the production of NAD H and FADH 7. coupled oxidation in krebs cycle and ETC
35
Why are triglycerides stored with im muscle fibres
So they are close to the mitochondria
36
Circulating fatty acids mobilised from triglycerides in adipose tissue which is
Major supplier of fatty acids and binds to albumin in blood for transport
37
What are triglycerides broken down into
Glycerol
38
Triglycerides are broken down into glycerol by what hormone
Sensitive lipase
39
Once the fatty acids are in the muscle cell they are concerted into what
They are converted into CoA in preperation for b-oxidation
40
What helps fatty acid chains transport into mitochondria
Carrier caritine
41
B oxidation causes fatty acid molecules to transform into what
Acetyl - CoA
42
After b-oxidation where does the Acetyl-CoA entres where
Krebs cycle
43
Some of the chemical energy from the fatty acids is transformed into what
NADH & FADH2
44
Oxygen must join with what for b-oxidation
Hydrogen
45
Under anerobic conditions hydrogen remains with NAD and FAD thus hulting what
Catabolism
46
To make ATP glycerol can be converted into what
Glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate
47
What is the breakdown yeild for glycerol
19 ATP
48
Acetyl-CoA entres the krebs cycle and combinds with what
Oxaloaeetale to cirtic
49
What is oxaloacetate generated from
Pyruvate during CHO breakdown
50
If CHO levels decrease what elce decreases
Pyruvate
51
What is ketones
Organic compounds used as energy source during startvation fasting low carb diets and diabetes
52
Metabolic pathways produce kentones through b-oxidation inorder to get what
A substantial amount of Acetyl-CoA production
53
Ketone body function is a ........... pathway for Acetyl-CoA use
Overflow
54
If oxaloacetate is not present then what happens
Acetyl-CoA does not go into krebs cycle and will be converted to ketones
55
What is ketogenenesis
Acetyl - CoA molecules join to form four - carbon compounds which are utilized for energy ketone bodies
56
What are the 3 ketogenesis,, but i dont know what they are for
Beta-hydroxybutyric acid, acetoacetic acid and acetone
57
Muscle, brain and kidneys have certain enzymes that allow them to use ......... for ATP production
Ketones
58
What is in low avalibility when startvatinn is occuring or fasting
CHO
59
As CHO is in low demand what decreases?
Insulin
60
Where are fatty acids mostly taken up
Liver
61
If Acetyl CoA is used up in the kreb cycle what is also used
Ketones
62
What is excreted in urine to make the blood acidic
Sodium and potassium
63
What must be removed inorder for the amino acid to be used as a fuel
NH2 via deamination
64
What do carbon skeletons do to produce ATP
enter metabolic pathways
65
Where are amino acids mainly metabolized
Liver
66
Amino groups will form what
Ammonia
67
The build up of ammonia is what to cells
Its toxic cells
68
What cycle does liver escretes ammonia
Urea cycle
69
Where is urea excreted
Urine
70
Gluconeogenesis forms glucose form what ?
Proteins
71
Glucose can e produced from what other places
Amino acids , glycerol , lactate
72
What is a metabolic mill
Depicts krebs cycle as the connector between macronutroients energy of ATP
73
Acetyl-CoA is the starting point for what synthesis
Cholesterol
74
Metabolites can eithe ...... or ....... enzymes at key control points in pathways
Inhibit or activate
75
Low ADP does what to enzyme
Decreases Activity of rate limiting enzyme
76
High ADP does what to enzyme
Stimulites rate limiting enzyme
77
What do most hormones respond to
Peripheral stimuli

introduction to metabolism for sports & exercise science (3 decks)

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