Powerpoint 6

Question 1

Sequence of systemic, morphological, and structural changes during development of an embryo is known as?

Answer 1

Neuralation

Question 2

Neural tube developing from the neural plate is known as?

Answer 2

gestation

Question 3

does fusion or fission create the neural tube?

Answer 3

fusion

Question 4

True or False:

During the 3rd week of gestation, the neural plate is developed from the neural tube

Answer 4

False!!

the neural tube is developed from the neural plate!!!

Question 5

What are the three meninges of the CNS?

Answer 5

• dura mater
• arachnoid
• pia mater

Question 6

Which of the meninges is closest to the skull?

Answer 6

dura mater

Question 7

Which of the meninges is closest to the brain

Answer 7

Pia mater

Question 8

Which of the meninges does this describe?
Thick and very tough

Answer 8

Dura mater

Question 9

Which of the meninges does this describe?

Thin, contacts dura mater

Answer 9

Arachnoid

Question 10

Which of the meninges does this describe?

Thin, adheres directly to the CNS surface

Answer 10

Pia mater

Question 11

What is another name for neural tube defects?

Answer 11

Spinal dysraphism

Question 12

What type of defects are spina bifida occulta, spina bifida, meningocele, and meningomyelocele?

Answer 12

Defects involving the spinal cord

Question 13

What type of defects are anencephaly, exencephaly, meningocele, and meningoencephalocele?

Answer 13

Defects involving the brain

Question 14

Total craniorachischis is…

Answer 14

Defects involving brain and spinal cord

Question 15

Nutritional status, obesity and diabetes, folic acid, environmental toxicants, and genetic factors all cause what?

Answer 15

Neural tube defects

Question 16

____ ____ (also known as folate or vitamin B9) is required in the body for normal growth and development

Answer 16

Folic acid

Question 17

Low levels of folate (vitamin B9) during pregnancy have been found to lead to increased risk of NTDs. What does NTD stand for?

Answer 17

Neural tube defect

Question 18

What is required for the production and maintenance of new cells, DNA synthesis, and RNA synthesis?

Answer 18

Folate

Question 19

What does the activation of the apoptosis signal regulating kinase-1 in hyperglycemia conditions lead to?

Answer 19

Activation of the apoptotic caspase-8

Question 20

True or False:

The meninges do not herniate though the opening of the spinal cord in spina bifida occulta

Answer 20

True

Instead, they herniate out of the spinal cord and the opening in Myelomeningocele

Question 21

True or False:

Herniation of the meninges through the spinal cord occurs in meningocele

Answer 21

FALSE

It goes through the spinal CANAL!!

Question 22

____________________ is a sac like structure that contains:
- part of the spinal cord
- converging-meninges
- spinal fluid

Answer 22

Myelomeningocele

Question 23

Which parts of the brain are babies born with an anencephaly missing?

Answer 23

The cerebrum and cerebellum

Question 24

What biologically causes an anencephaly?

Answer 24

The neural tube fails to close during the first few weeks of embryonic development

Question 25

What defect of the brain does this describe? - cerebral hemispheres are completely missing or depressed to small masses attached to the base of the skull - shallow orbit - protrusion of the eyeballs

Answer 25

Anencephaly

Question 26

causes and inheritance pattern for anencephaly

Answer 26

- multiple genetic and environmental factors - anencephaly are mostly sporadic but can be familial

Question 27

Failure to close which end of the neural tube causes anencephaly?

Answer 27

Rostral end

Question 28

What is the part of the brain that forms part of the hindbrain and is the 2nd largest part of the brain?

Answer 28

The cerebellum

Question 29

What is the part of the brain that forms part of the forebrain and is the largest part of the brain?

Answer 29

The cerebrum

Question 30

What is the part of the brain that involves the following: - changes in heart rate - breathing, blood pressure, vomiting, swallowing - digestion

Answer 30

the brain stem

Question 31

Which part of the brain is described by the following: - intelligence, learning, judgement - speech and memory - sense of hearing, vision, taste, and smell - skeletal muscle movements

Answer 31

Cerebrum

Question 32

Which part of the brain is described by the following: - Balance and Coordination - Posture

Answer 32

Cerebellum

Question 33

What is the name of the structure that divides the hemispheres and acts as a relay between the two?

Answer 33

The corpus callosum

Question 34

What is the most common region for an exencephaly?

Answer 34

The occipital region

Question 35

What is HPE (Holoprosencephaly)?

Answer 35

A disorder in which the prosencephalon (the forebrain of the embryo) fails too develop into two hemispheres

Question 36

What is Hydrocephalus?

Answer 36

Accumulation of an excessive amount of cerebrospinal fluid in the cranial cavity

Question 37

How does Hydrocephalus occur?

Answer 37

It can be acquired through a lesion or a developmental abnormality

Question 38

Does Obstructive hydrocephalus or compensatory hydrocephalus involve increased CSF pressure?

Answer 38

Obstructive Hydrocephalus

Question 39

Hydrocephalus happens if CSF is blocked due to malformation of the ventricular system in the brain. What is this called?

Answer 39

Congenital hydrocephalus

Question 40

What is it called if Hydrocephalus occurs for other reasons such as intraventricular hemorrhage, head injury/trauma, brain infection, or brain tumor?

Answer 40

Acquired hydrocephalus