PPL Oral - Cross Country Planning Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
What are the 3 most common ways to navigate?
A
Pilotage - Referencing visual landmarks
Dead Reckoning - Computing direction and distance from a known position
Radio Navigation - Using VORs or NDBs
*BONUS
GPS - Using a combination of satellites, ground stations, and aircraft equipment to navigate
2
Q
What type of aeronautical charts are available for VFR navigation?
A
- Sectional Chart - Visual navigation. Slow medium speed aircraft. 1 in = 6.86 nm. Revised twice per year
- Terminal Area Chart - More detailed version of Class B airspace from Sectional Chart. 1in = 3.43 nm. Revised twice per year
- VFR Flyway Charts - Same Scale as TAC. Shows flight paths and altitudes recommended for bypassing Class B airspace
3
Q
Are EFBs an approved replacement for paper charts in the cockpit?
A
Yes but the EFB must be functional and have up to date charts. You should have a backup paper chart in case the EFB fails
4
Q
What are Isogonic lines?
A
Broken magenta lines on a sectional chart that DEPICT lines of equal magnetic variation. Show the amount and direction of magnetic variation.
5
Q
What is Magnetic Variation?
A
The angular difference between True North and Magnetic North. Expressed as East or Westward variation.
East is Least (-), West is Best (+)
6
Q
How would you convert a True direction into a Magnetic direction?
A
Use the nearest Isogonic line on the sectional chart and..
East is Least (-), West is Best (+) (FROM your True direction)
7
Q
What are lines of Longitude and Latitude?
A
Imaginary lines that encircle the earth to the left and right, and up and down.
Lines of Latitude run parallel to the Equator and lines of Longitude run north and south, starting at the Prime Meridian
8
Q
What is Magnetic Deviation?
A
The electronics of the aircraft create a magnetic field which can cause our Magnetic Compass to have slight errors.
9
Q
Name several types of Navigational Aids
A
VOR - Very High Frequency (VHF) Omnidirectional Range
VORTAC - Tactical Air Navigation (most have DME)
DME - Distance Measuring Equipment
RNAV - Area Navigation (GPS, VOR/DME referenced, and INS)
10
Q
What is a VOR/VORTAC
A
Radio stations that project radials in all directions from the station.
Almost all VORs are also VORTACs (Tactical Air Navigation) and have DME
11
Q
What is a VOR radial?
A
A line of magnetic bearing extending FROM a VOR.
12
Q
How are VORs classified?
A
Terminal - Least amount of range
Low - Good amount of range
High - Best range
13
Q
What limitations apply to VOR reception?
A
Subject to line of sight
Range varies based on how high the receiving aircraft is. Being higher will get you more range.
14
Q
What is the Cone of Confusion in respect to VORs?
A
When the aircraft gets vary close to the station, the needle will act vary sporadically and eventually flip its indication to the opposite that you were tracking. (TO or FROM)
15
Q
What is reverse sensing in respect to VORs?
A
Happens when you track TO or FROM a station using the wrong flag. In this scenario, if you are off course the needle will deflect the in OPOSITE direction of where you actually need to go to get back on course.
Example: Flying TO a station with the radial you are ON and not the radial that corresponds to your heading.
: Flying away FROM a station with a TO flag.
16
Q
How do you check the accuracy of your VOR equipment?
A
- Tune to a VOT from the Chart Supplement
- Center the needle on either 0 degrees with a FROM, or 180 degrees with a TO.
- If you are on the ground, needle should be centered at 0 or 180 +- 4 degrees.
If you are in the air, needle should be centered at 0 or 180 +- 6 degrees
17
Q
What is DME?
A
Distance Measuring Equipment
Measures the Slant Range in NM from the station.
Can provide distance and ground speed info and usually paired with a VOR
18
Q
Give a simple explanation of GPS
A
Satellite based, radio navigation system.
Multiple signals are tracked by receivers in the aircraft to determine a precise location.
19
Q
Describe the 3 functional elements of GPS
A
Space element - 30 Satellites
Control element - Network of ground based stations used to monitor accuracy
User element - antennas and receiver processors onboard the aircraft that interpret signals to provide accurate positioning, velocity, and precise timing.
20
Q
Describe the different types of GPS receivers
A
Vary from..
Fully integrated VFR/IFR used to support VFR ops
Handheld devices used for referencing
21
Q
Where do you find RAIM availability information?
A
To find outage information:
1. A manufacturer provided RAIM prediction tool (GARMIN RAIM Prediction website)
- Using the FAAs Service Availability Prediction Tool (SAPT).
- Request RAIM information from FSS during preflight briefings
22
Q
If RAIM capability is lost during flight, can you continue to use the GPS for navigation?
A
Yes but it is not advisable.
You now have NO assurance of GPS accuracy.
Primarily use other means of navigation and rely on the GPS as backup confirmation.
23
Q
What preflight checks of the GPS system should be made before using it for navigation?
A
- Verify equipment is installed and certified for your operation
- Make sure databases is up to date.
- Review GPS NOTAMs and RAIM outage information
- Make sure VOR Test is up to date in case you need to use them
- Make sure the GPS manual is in the aircraft
24
Q
How do you know your GPS is approved for your type of operation?
A
Review the AFM.
Most systems require the manual to be in the aircraft.
25
Will an FSS briefing automatically provide GPS/WAAS NOTAMS?
No, you must ask for them.
26
What is RAIM?
1. Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring
2. It is a monitoring system for the GPS to ensure accurate signals are being received from satellites.
3. It will alert the pilot when RAIM determines that the signals do not meet the criteria for safe navigation.
26
How many Satellites does a GPS need to compute its position?
3 Sats = 2D position only. Lat
and long
4 Sats = 3D position only. Lat,
Long, and altitude
5 Sats = 3D and RAIM
6 Sats = 3D + RAIM AND can
remove corrupt signals
27
What is WAAS
Wide Area Augmentation System
- Ground + Satellite error correction system.
- Provides accuracy enhancements to GPS signals
- EXTREMELY accurate
For aircraft with GPS/WAAS TSO C-146 equipment
28
What limitations should you keep in mind when using GPS? Handheld or panel mount.
RAIM - Many GPS units don't have it and therefore have no way to determine accuracy
Database Currency - Make sure your charts are up to date
Antenna Location - Signals may be blocked, especially when using handheld GPS.
29
What is a VFR Waypoint?
- Used to assist with VFR navigation using a GPS (RNAV)
- Provide assistance to pilots unfamiliar with an area
- Start with VP and look like a star
- Sometimes associated with VFR checkpoint flats
30
What happens if you forget to activate your flight plan?
FSS will hold your flight plan for 1hr after your listed dep time. After that they will cancel it.
31
What would you do if you were on a X country flight and had low fuel, deteriorating weather, and nightfall was approaching?
Land at the closest suitable airfield immediately.
32
What should you do if you are completely unsure of your location?
Use the 5 Cs
1. Climb/Circle - For better radio
reception for comms and VORs. Circle so you dont get more lost..
2. Conserve - Save on fuel because you don't
know how long you will be lost
3. Confess - Admit to the people
who can help you that you
messed up and are now lost.
4. Communicate - Find a nearby
ATC freq, find an FSS, contact
emergency frequency (121.5)
and ask for help. Squawk 7700
5. Comply - Follow the
instructions given to get you
to safety
33
How would you navigate to an alternate if you had no GPS or DME?
1. Select the alternate
2. Approximate your magnetic course using a straight edge and a compass rose from a nearby VOR (because radials are magnetic)
3. Use the scale at the bottom of the chart for distance
4. Start your diversion over a prominent ground feature if you can. This will aid navigation
5. Once on course, use winds aloft to calculate HDG and GS
6. Adjust altitude as needed
*Be snappy with this and don't dwell on the details. Just get going in the right direction and fine tune later.
34
What is the most common type of radio communication equipment?
VHF
35
What is the frequency range of VHF communication equipment?
118.0-136.975
36
What is the emergency frequency?
121.5 (called 'Guard')
- Monitored by Military and Civilian towers, and radar facilities
- It is HIGHLY recommended to monitor Guard whenever you can
37
What is a CTAF?
Common Traffic Advisory Frequency
- Used to provide self-reported traffic advisories near an un-towered airport.
- CTAF may also be the UNICOM, MULTICOM, FSS, or Tower frequency (when not operational)
- When the CTAF frequency is shown as slanted on a sectional, that means it also serves as a UNICOM
38
What is Unicom?
Universal Communications
- Local frequency which may provide airport information such as, fuel, nearby traffic, wind speed and direction, RWY condition.
- When the CTAF frequency is shown as slanted on a sectional, that means it also serves as a UNICOM
39
What is ATIS
Automated Terminal Information Service
- Continuous broadcast of recorded Terminal environment information such as: Weather, RWY/TXY closures, ETC.
40
What is MULTICOM frequency?
122.9
- Used when tower, FSS, and/or UNICOM is not available
- Use it to self-report traffic advisories where there is no CTAF
41
How would you go about contacting an FSS for updated in flight weather information if you could not find a nearby frequency for them?
Try to contact them on the common FSS frequency of..
122.2
*you should be prepared to contact FSS along your route for updated weather information
*Use the chart supplement
42
What is an RCO
Remote Communications Outlet
- It is basically an ATC relay station used to communicate with pilots Enroute or at small satellite airports
43
How do you determine what frequency is appropriate to activate your flight plan once airborne?
1. Ask the FSS briefer on the phone
2. Communications section under Flight Service for the airport of departure in the Chart Supplement (clearance delivery for IND)
3. Any FSS frequency
44
What does it mean when a NAVAID is surrounded by a thick blue line on a sectional chart?
Indicates FSS can be contacted on the standard 122.2 FSS freq OR the freq that is listed over the box. Controlling FSS will be listed under the box.
45
What does it mean when a NAVAID has a frequency listed above the box?
- FSS can be contacted using that frequency.
- If there is an R next to it that means they only receive on that frequency and you need to listen to them on the VOR freq.
46
What does it mean when a NAVAID has a THIN blue line around it AND no frequency on top?
There is no FSS service available and the VOR frequency will be underlined to indicate there is no voice communication.
47
Why would a frequency be printed on top of a thin lined blue box?
To indicate the best freq to contact FSS nearby the VOR. These will have the best reception
*usually followed by an R, meaning that FSS can only receive on that freq and you will need to listen on the NAVAID freq.
48
Where can you find the frequency for the controlling agency of a Restricted Area?
VFR sectional legend. Restricted Areas are in Blue.
Sometimes frequency are unavailable and only a Agency name will be shown.
49
During an emergency, what authority do you have to respond to it?
FAR 91.3
1. You have final decision making authority
2. You may deviate from any regulation in response to an emergency
3. If your emergency actions required a deviation from regulations AND the FAA asks you for a report, you must disclose that info.
50
What drug and alcohol restrictions apply to Pilots?
FAR 91.17
Cannot fly if....
1. You have consumed alcohol within the previous 8hrs
2. You are under the influence of any drugs
3. You are on a drug that impairs your judgement
4. Your BAC is above .04
51
Can a pilot allow someone who is obviously intoxicated onto the aircraft?
FAR 91.17
No.
Except in an emergency or for medical reasons
52
May portable electronic devices be operated in the airplane?
FAR 91.21
Not if your are an aircraft operating under an Air Carrier Cert
Not if you are an aircraft operating under IFR
This is to avoid interference with navigation
Exceptions: Voice recorders, pacemaker, hearing aids, electric shavers **OR any device that the operator of the aircraft has determined will not interfere with nav or comms.
53
Can you drop objects from your aircraft?
FAR 91.15
Yes, but only if you have taken reasonable precautions to avoid injury or damage to persons or property
54
What preflight action is required for local operations?
FAR 91.103
You must be familiar with all available information such as,
1. RWY lengths.
2. Takeoff and landing date
NWKRAFT
55
What preflight actions are needed for a flight away from the vicinity of an airport?
FAR 91.103
For a flight UNDER IFR or not in the vicinity of an airport...
N - NOTAMs
W - Weather: Reports/Forecasts
K - Known ATC delays
R - RWY lengths @ airports
A - Alternate plans
F - Fuel requirements
T - Takeoff and landing data
56
When are people on an aircraft required to wear seatbelts?
FAR 91.107
Each person must have a seatbelt and/or Harness on during Taxi, T/O, and landing
Exception: If you are under 2yo you may be held
You can sit on the floor if you are parachuting
57
What responsibilities does the PIC have in regard to pax seatbelts
FAR 91.107
1. How to use them
2. When they need to put them on (notified each time)
58
When are Crewmembers required to use seatbelts AND Harnesses?
FAR 91.105
Seatbelts = Taxi, T/O, Landing, and Enroute
Harness = All EXCEPT Enroute
Exceptions: Seatbelt must be on when at your station. When you need to remove them to perform required duties
59
What regulations apply to aircraft flying near each other or formation flying?
FAR 91.111
1. Cannot close enough to create a collision hazard
2. Must arrange formation flying with each PIC
3. Cannot carry pax for hire in formation flight
60
What are the Right of Way rules for aircraft? (what is the ROW order)
FAR 91.113
B - Balloon
G - Glider
A - Airship
A - Airplane
R - Rotorcraft
*aircraft TOWING or REFUELING other aircraft have the ROW over all other ENGINE driven aircraft
61
When does an aircraft have the ROW over all other aircraft. (like a balloon)
FAR 91.113
An aircraft in destress (emergency) has the ROW over all others
62
ROW rules for aircraft of the same category when...
- Converging
- Head-on
- Overtaking
FAR 91.113
Converging - Aircraft on the right has the ROW
Head on - Both aircraft turn to the RIGHT
Overtaking - Aircraft overtaking must do so to the right of the aircraft being overtaken
63
What are the ROW rules when multiple aircraft are approaching an airport to land?
FAR 91.113
1. An aircraft on final to land has ROW over other aircraft in the air or on the ground (not to be taken advantage of)
2. When 2 or more aircraft are approaching to land, the lower aircraft has the ROW (not to be taken advantage of)
64
What is the maximum IAS you can go below 10,000 MSL? *without explicit ATC permission.
FAR 91.117
No more than 250kts
65
What is the Min Safe Altitude for a congested area?
FAR 91.119
1,000ft above the highest obstacle and 2,000ft away
Cities, Towns, Settlements, or an open air assembly.
66
What is the Min Safe Altitude for Non-Congested areas?
Must stay at least 500ft away from anything
| FAR 91.119
67
What is the FAA definition of Min Safe Altitude at all times? (Anywhere)
FAR 91.119
An altitude allowing you to make an emergency landing without harming persons or property.
68
How low can you fly above a Wildlife Refuge, Park, or Forest Service Area?
As low as regulations allow
HOWEVER!
The FAA requests that you fly at last no lower than 2,500 ft AGL
69
What is proper Altimeter Setting procedure when below 18,000ft MSL?
FAR 91. 121
You must have the current Hg setting from a reporting station along your route within 100nm of you.
If there is none, any reporting station will do.
70
If there is no altimeter setting available BEFORE a flight, what should you do?
FAR 91.121
Set the altimeter to read airport elevation
OR
Use a nearby airports altimeter setting
71
You to dont have a radio to get ATIS/AWOS/ASOS, how would you set your altimeter prior to departure?
FAR 91.121
Set the altimeter to read airport elevation
72
When would you intentionally deviate from an ATC clearance or Instruction?
FAR 91.123
2. You have declared an emergency
3. In response to Traffic Collision Avoidance Resolution Advisory
73
When your radio fails under a VFR flight, what conditions must be met prior to Landing at a Towered airport?
FAR 91.126, 91.127, 91.129
1. WX must be VFR
2. Must maintain visual contact with Tower (for light gun signals)
3. Clearance to land must be received (Steady Green)
74
How should you attempt to communicate with the Tower if your radio fails?
AIM (4-3-13) (6-4-2)
Unable to RECEIVE
- Remain outside D airspace
- Squawk 7600
- Determine traffic flow
- Advise Tower of aircraft type, position, altitude, intentions
- Request Light Gun signals
- 3-5 miles out, advise Tower of position
- Watch for Gun Signals
Unable to TRANSMIT
- Remain outside of D airspace
- Squawk 7600
- Determine traffic flow
- Monitor frequency for traffic/landing info
- Acknowledge instructions or gun signals by rocking wings or flashing your landing light at night
Complete radio failure
- Remain outside of D airspace
- Squawk 7600
- Determine traffic flow
- Join pattern and look out for light gun signals
- Acknowledge signals with rocking wings or landing light.
** You cannot enter Class C without establishing 2-way radio comms.
** you cannot enter Class B without 2-way comms AND a Clearance
75
What rules apply to Traffic Patterns at Non-Towered airports?
FAR 91.126, 91.127
Simple Answer: Comply with any patterns the airport has established. (mostly assume left traffic)
1. When landing, must make LEFT pattern unless airport has established otherwise.
2. When departing, comply with Traffic Patterns established by the airport
76
In CLASS D airspace, what procedure should be followed when landing with a Visual Slope Indicator?
FAR 91.129
Maintain an altitude at or above Glide Slope, until a lower altitude is necessary.
77
What is the Fuel Requirement for VFR night flying?
FAR 91.151
At lest 45 mins of reserve fuel
*Considering winds and WX for normal cruising speed.
78
What is the Fuel Requirement for VFR flying during Daytime?
FAR 91.151
At least 30 mins of reserve fuel
*Considering winds and WX for normal cruising speed.
79
What is an ELT?
- Battery operated radio transmitter
- Transmits on 121.5 (emergency frequency) if an impact is detected
*Know how your specific ELT works as it may need to be manually operated.
80
When can you test the ELT?
During the first 5 mins of the hour
81
Is an ELT required on all aircraft?
FAR 91.207
Yes.
With some exceptions:
- An aircraft used for training that stays within a 50 nm radius of its home airport
- Crop dusters
- Aircraft being designed/tested
- Aircraft in the manufacture or delivery stage
82
When do the ELT batteries need to be replaced or recharged? (if capable)
FAR 91.207
- After 1 cumulative hour of use
OR
- When 50% of useful life has expired
* You can check if the ELT is beyond 50% of life by checking the date on the ELT or in the MX logs
83
What are the supplemental oxygen requirements?
FAR 91.211
CREW
- If operating between 12,000-14,000ft MSL for more than 30 mins
- For any duration of flight above 14,000ft MSL
PAX
- Above 15,000ft MSL they must be PROVIDED oxygen
84
Where is Aerobatic flight NOT permitted?
FAR 91.303
1. Over congested areas
2. Open air assemblies
3. Within any airspace designated for an airport (B, C, D, E)
4. Within any Federal Airway
5. Below 1,500 ft AGL
6. When visibility is less than 3 sm. (VFR)
85
When are parachutes required?
FAR 91.307
1. When banking 60 degrees or more
2. When pitching 30 degrees or more
*Does not apply to Spins or other maneuvers required for obtaining a certificate if a CFI is present
86
What acronym is associated with Preflight Planning?
FAR 91.103
N - Notams
W - Weather
K - Known ATC delays
R - Runway Lengths
A - Alternate plans
F - Fuel requirements
T - Takeoff and Landing distance data
87
What are the VFR Cruising Altitudes?
FAR 91.159
**Only if ABOVE 3,000ft AGL
Magnetic COURSE**
0-179 = Odd thousands +500
180-259 = Even thousands +500
** This is based on Mag COURSE only. Not actual heading with wind correction.
88
What are we taught to do if we happen to get lost during a flight?
1. CLIMB - Increase your line of sight to help you identify landmarks. This will also increase your VHF comm/Nav range
1.5 CIRCLE - As long as you know your original heading, this can help you avoid entering airspace unknowingly. This can also help you identify landmarks
2. CONFESS - Admit that you need outside help Congrats, you are not the perfect pilot.
3. CONSERVE - Reduce your power setting (engine load) to save on fuel. Who knows how much you will need.
4. COMMUNICATE - Try to get ahold of ATC or FSS. If unable, transmit on Guard 121.5. Ask for help.
5. COMPLY - Do what the people who are trying to help you are telling you to do
** Use time from your last known position to help estimate how far you have gone and plot it on your chart.
89
When do True Air Speed and Groundspeed increase proportionally?
When Density Altitude is higher
90
As fuel is consumed enroute, what action should be taken as the aircraft becomes lighter?
Decrease power to maintain a constant airspeed for maximum efficiency
* As weight decreases, optimum airspeed and power setting may also decrease
| PHAK Pg 11-10 & 11-11
91
You approach a mountanous area at 10,000ft from the East with winds 50kts from the West, you also see flat, lense shaped clouds ahead. What is this an indication of?
Very strong Mountain Wave Turbulence.
Avoid
92
How often are the following charts updated?
1. VFR Sectional Chart
2. IFR Low Enroute Chart
3. Chart Supplement (A/FD)
| (IFR Low Charts are not important for PPL, but its good to know)
Every 56 days
93
Which Charts are updated every 56 days?
1. VFR Sectional Charts
2. Chart Supplement (A/FD)
3. IFR Low Enroute Chart
94
Explain how the G1000 CDI works in regards to determining what VOR Radial you are on
Large arrow of needle = Course selected
Small arrow = Two/From flag
1. The large needle will always point towards a course you select to head TO the station
2. When the Large arrow and the Flag are pointing in the same direction, flying to intercept the needle will take you to the station
* In this case, the tail of the needle will indicate what Radial you are on
3. When the Flag is pointing in towards the tail of
4. When the Flag is pointed opposite the large needle (FROM) then you will fly away from the station by flying that course
* In this case the Large needle point to what Radial you are on
