PPT 5 - chap 20

Question 1

Endocrine glands possess no ducts and secrete substances (directly/indirectly) into extracellular spaces around the gland

Answer 1

directly

Question 2

Diff b/w nervous system and endocrine

Answer 2

nervous system quick responses, endocrine system hormonal effects lasts longer

Question 3

two types of hormones, explain each

Answer 3

steroid derived hormones (doesnt mix well with blood, cannot be transported in plasma by itself, needs a transport protein, receptor can be on inside)

amine and polypeptide hormones
(water soluble, no transport protein needed, second messenger system)

Question 4

What is the half life?

Answer 4

The half-life is the time required to reduce a hormone’s blood concentration by one half and gives an indication of how long its effect persists

Question 5

How do hormones alter cellular reactions of specific target cells?

Answer 5

Hormones alter cellular reactions of specific target cells by:
Modifying the rate of intracellular protein synthesis by stimulating nuclear DNA
Changing rate of enzyme activity
Altering plasma membrane transport via a second-messenger system
Inducing secretory activity

Question 6

If a hormone has a long half life, what does it mean?

Answer 6

it has a very little binding cause it is used for more/other receptors

Question 7

What is the first step in initiating hormone action?

Answer 7

hormone-receptor binding

Question 8

The extent of a target cell’s activation by a hormone depends on (3)…

Answer 8

1) Hormone concentration in the blood
2) Number of target cell receptors for the hormone
3) Sensitivity or strength of the union between hormone and receptor

Question 9

A hormone increases enzyme activity by (3)…

Answer 9

1) Stimulating enzyme production
2) Combining with the enzyme to alter its shape and ability to act, which increases or decreases the enzyme’s catalytic effectiveness
3) Activating inactive enzyme forms, thus increasing the total amount of active enzyme

Question 10

What does secreted amount mean?

Answer 10

describes the plasma concentration of a hormone and represents the sum of hormone synthesis and release by the host gland, in addition to its uptake by receptor tissues and removal by liver and kidneys

Question 11

What affects hormone concentration?

Answer 11

rate of secretion into blood, rate of its metabolism or changes in plasma volume (independent of host organ’s secretion rate).

Question 12

Hormonal stimulation

Answer 12

Hormones influence secretion of other hormones

Question 13

Humoral stimulation

Answer 13

Changing levels of ions and nutrients in blood, bile, and other body fluids stimulate hormone release

Question 14

Neural stimulation

Answer 14

Neural activity affects hormone release

Question 15

***What controls anterior pituitary activity?

Answer 15

hypothalamus

Question 16

Each of the primary pituitary hormones has its own hypothalamic releasing hormone called…

Answer 16

releasing factor

Question 17

What does the GH promote?

Answer 17

cell division and cellular proliferation throughout the body

Question 18

In what 3 ways does GH facilitate protein synthesis?

Answer 18

Increasing amino acid transport through the plasma membrane

Stimulating RNA formation

Activating cellular ribosomes that increase protein synthesis

Question 19

What does GH slow?

Answer 19

GH also slows carbohydrate breakdown and initiates subsequent mobilization and use of fat as an energy source

Question 20

Physical activity (limits/extends) GH’s action on target tissues.

Answer 20

extends

Question 21

How does GH benefit physical activity?

Answer 21

Benefits muscle, bone, and connective tissue growth and remodeling

Optimizes the fuel mixture during physical activity

The net metabolic effect preserves plasma glucose concentration for central nervous system and muscle functions

Question 22

Sedentary person maintains (higher/lower) GH levels for several hours into recovery.

Answer 22

higher

Question 23

What does the posterior pituitary hormone store?

Answer 23

ADH and oxytocin

Question 24

Does physical activity increase or decrease ADH secretion?

Answer 24

Increase to help conserve body fluids

Question 25

Thyroid hormones provide important regulation for what?

Answer 25

for tissue growth and development, skeletal and nervous system formation, and maturation and reproduction, ALSO blood pressure

Question 26

Hyperthyroidism effects

Answer 26

Increased oxygen consumption and metabolic heat production during rest Increased protein catabolism and subsequent muscle weakness and weight loss Heightened reflex activity and psychological disturbances that range from irritability and insomnia to psychosis Rapid heart rate

Question 27

Hypothyroidism effects

Answer 27

Reduced metabolic rate and cold-intolerance from reduced internal heat production Decreased protein synthesis produces brittle nails, thinning hair, and dry, thin skin Depressed reflex activity, slow speech and thought processes, and feeling of fatigue Slow heart rate

Question 28

PTH controls what?

Answer 28

blood calcium balance (A decrease in calcium levels triggers PTH release; increasing calcium concentrations inhibit its release)

Question 29

Adrenal glands has two distinct parts. what are they?

Answer 29

medulla and cortex

Question 30

What is the funciton of the medulla of the adrenal gland?

Answer 30

Acts to prolong and augment sympathetic effects by secreting epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 31

What does the cortex of the adrenal gland secrete?

Answer 31

Secretes adrenocortical hormones that fit functionally into one of three groups

Question 32

What do mineralocorticoids regulate?

Answer 32

Regulate the mineral salts sodium and potassium in the extracellular fluid

Question 33

What do the mineralocorticoids do?

Answer 33

Controls total sodium concentration and extracellular fluid volume Stimulates sodium ion reabsorption in the distal tubules of the kidneys Helps to stabilize serum potassium and pH Its major effects occur during recovery from physical activity

Question 34

6 functions of glucocorticoids

Answer 34

Promotes breakdown of protein to amino acids Supports action of other hormones Serves as an insulin antagonist by inhibiting cellular glucose uptake and oxidation Promotes triacylglycerol breakdown in adipose tissue to glycerol and fatty acids Suppresses immune system function Produces negative calcium balance

Question 35

What two types of tissues compose the pancreas?

Answer 35

acini and islets of langerhans

Question 36

what do the acini secrete?

Answer 36

digestive enzymes

Question 37

What are the islets comprised of?

Answer 37

The islets are comprised of about 20% alpha-cells that secrete glucagon and 75% beta-cells that secrete insulin and a peptide called amylin

Question 38

What happens with insufficient insulin secretion?

Answer 38

blood glucose concentration increases and can ultimately spill into the urine

Question 39

More ATP produced, (more/less) insulin secreted.

Answer 39

more

Question 40

which type of muscle does insulin effect most?

Answer 40

skeletal

Question 41

What secretes glucagon?

Answer 41

alpha cells of the islets of langerhans

Question 42

What does glucagon primary stimulate (2 things)?

Answer 42

Primarily stimulates both glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis by the liver and increases lipid catabolism

Question 43

Who has greater hormonal response: trained or untrained subjects?

Answer 43

trained

Question 44

untrained vs endurance trained: who has greater GH rise?

Answer 44

untrained

Question 45

at rest, who has higher GH levels: male or female?

Answer 45

female