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berg part2 > PPT3 - chap 15-16 > Flashcards

PPT3 - chap 15-16 Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

Right side of the heart allows for ______________ circulation.

A

pulmonary

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2
Q

Left side of the heart allows for ______________ circulation.

A

systemic

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3
Q

Tricuspid: Provides one-way blood flow from the ______ atrium to the ______ ventricle

A

right, right

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4
Q

Bicuspid/Mitral: Provides one-way blood flow from the _____ atrium to the ______ ventricle

A

left, left

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5
Q

What do the semilunar valves do?

A

Prevent blood from flowing back into the heart between contractions

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6
Q

which side of the heart receives oxygenated blood: right or left?

A

left

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7
Q

What are the atrial chambers’ function?

A

serve as primer pumps to receive and store blood during ventricular contraction

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8
Q

_____% of the blood returning to the atria flows directly into the ventricles before the atria contract

A

70

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9
Q

What does the arterial system do?

A

propels oxygen-rich blood to the tissues

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10
Q

What type of layers does the arterial system have?

A

connective tissue and smooth muscle

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11
Q

Why doesn’t exchange of gas happen between arterial blood and surrounding tissue?

A

because of thickness of arteries

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12
Q

BP equation?

A

Blood pressure = cardiac output X total peripheral resistance (TPR)

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13
Q

Does the aorta store a portion of blood or not?

A

yes, which creates pressure in the entire arterial system

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14
Q

Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP)

A

Provides an estimate of the work of the heart and force that blood exerts against the arterial walls during ventricular systole

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15
Q

Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP):

A

The relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle

Indicates peripheral resistance or the ease that blood flows from the arterioles into the capillaries

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16
Q

Prehypertension values

A

SBP 120-139 mm Hg OR DBP 80-89 mm Hg

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17
Q

Why do more and more old people get hypertension?

A

Body doesn’t get extra push from vessels because so worn out in elasticity, so needs to compensate by increasing the pulse pressures.

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18
Q

Mean arterial pressure equation

A

MAP = DBP + [0.333 (SBP-DBP)]

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19
Q

Equation with cardiac output and total peripheral resistance

A

Cardiac output = MAP ÷ Total peripheral resistance

Total peripheral resistance = MAP ÷ Cardiac output

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20
Q

What percent of total blood volume do the capillaries contain?

A

6%

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21
Q

For gas diffusion purposes, is it better for blood flow to be fast or slow?

A

slow…. so RBCs fall to bottom and therefore are closer to where the gas exchange happens.

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22
Q

What controls capillary diameter?

A

precapillary sphincter (ring of smooth muscle around origin of capillary vessel)

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23
Q

Two factors trigger the relaxation of precapillary sphincters to open more capillaries

A

Driving force of increased local blood pressure plus intrinsic neural control
Local metabolites produced in exercise

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24
Q

Mixed venous blood enters where?

A

right atrium

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25
What allows blood to flow in one direction in the veins?
valves
26
What would happen without valves?
blood would stagnate in veins of the extremities and people would faint every time they stood up because of reduced venous return and cerebral blood flow
27
Explain varicose veins. Is it preventable?
A condition in which the valves within a vein fail to maintain their one-way blood flow and blood gathers in them so they become excessively distended and painful Not preventable. But regular exercise can minize complications
28
What type of exercise should you avoid if you have varicose veins?
Those with varicose veins should avoid static, straining-type exercises that accompany resistance training
29
What does straining exercise do to the vessels?
compresses peripheral arterial vessels that supply active muscles. The acute cardiovascular strain with heavy resistance exercise could prove harmful to individuals with heart and vascular disease
30
Explain what happens to SBP and DBP during exercise.
Increased blood flow during steady-rate exercise rapidly increases SBP during the first few minutes of exercise As exercise continues, SBP gradually declines because the arterioles in the active muscles continue to dilate, further reducing peripheral resistance to blood flow DBP remains unchanged throughout exercise
31
how does exercise affect TPR?
During rhythmic muscular activity, vasodilation in the active muscles reduces TPR to enhance blood flow through large portions of the peripheral vasculature
32
Exercise with the (arms/legs) produces considerably higher SBP and DBP than leg exercise performed at a given percentage of V·O2max in each form of exercise
arms
33
Why do arms produce greater higher SBP/DBP?
Occurs because the smaller arm muscle mass and vasculature offer greater resistance to blood flow than the larger leg mass and blood supply
34
What happens with BP upon completion of a single bout of submaximal exercise?
Upon completion of a single bout of submaximal exercise, blood pressure temporarily falls below pre-exercise levels for normotensive and hypertensive individuals from an unexplained peripheral vasodilation
35
Normal blood flow to the myocardium at rest equals
200-250 mL per minute
36
Blood flow increases because of:
Elevated myocardial metabolism dilates coronary vessels | Increased aortic pressure during exercise forces a proportionately greater volume of blood into the coronary circulation
37
Is the myocardium dependant on aerobic or anaerobic capacity mostly?
dependant mostly on aerobic (so needs adequate oxygen supply), as it has limited anaerobic energy-generating capacity.
38
At rest, myocardial functioning energy comes mostly from what?
free fatty acid breakdown
39
following a meal, myocardial functioning energy comes from where?
glucose preferably
40
from intense exercise, myocardial functioning energy comes from what?
oxidizing circulating lactate
41
Explain the heart's electrical activity.... steps...
SA node > Atria > AV node > Purkinje fibers > Ventricles In the right atrium is the sinoatrial (SA) node, which spontaneously depolarizes and repolarizes The impulse spreads across the atria to the atrioventricular (AV) node The AV node gives rise to the AV bundle, also called the bundle of His The AV bundle transmits the impulse to the Purkinje system that penetrate the right and left ventricles
42
How many seconds is the delay that occurs to allow the atria to contract and propel blood into the ventricles below?
0.10s
43
What are the extrinsic controls of HR and circulation?
Nerves that directly supply the myocardium and chemical “messengers” that circulate in blood that accelerate the heart in anticipation before exercise begins, and then rapidly adjust to the intensity of physical effort
44
_________ influences can override the inherent rhythm of the myocardium
neural
45
What kind of neurons innervates the atria?
sympathetic and parasympathetic
46
What kind of neurons innervates the ventricle?
sympathetic fibers exclusively
47
What happens when sympathetic cardioaccelerator nerves are stimulated?
release of epi and norepi
48
sympathetic stimulation produces (vasoconstriction/vasodilation)
vasoconstriction
49
when does dilation under adrenergic influence occur?
after decreased adrenergic activity
50
Parasympathetic neurons release what?
ACh, which delays the rate of sinus discharge to slow heart rate
51
What do parasympathetic neurons do?
delays the rate of sinus discharge to slow heart rate
52
At the start of and during LOW- to MODERATE-intensity exercise, HR increases by (inhibition/excitation) of parasympathetic stimulation
inhibition
53
HR in strenuous exercise increases by additional parasympathetic (inhibition/excitation) and direct activation of (sympathetic/parasympathetic) cardioaccelerator nerves
inhibition, sympathetic
54
what does the central command do?
modulates medullary activity, provides greatest control over heart rate during exercise
55
The heart rapidly “turns on” during exercise by (increasing/decreasing) parasympathetic inhibitory input and increasing stimulating input from the ______________
decreasing, central command
56
Which receptors are involved in modifying either para or sympathetic outflow to bring about appropriate cardiovascular and respiratory responses to various intensities of exercise?
mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors.
57
Which 3 mechanisms continually assess the nature and intensity of exercise and the mass of muscle activated?
Reflex neural input from mechanical deformation of type III afferents within active muscles Chemical stimulation of type IV afferents within active muscles Feed-forward outflow from the motor areas of the central command
58
Where is the greatest volume of blood flow on the heart?
The greatest volume of blood flows in the left coronary artery to the left atrium and left ventricle and small sections of the right ventricle
59
Where does the myocardium get most of its oxygen from?
from the blood in the coronary vessels which is why during exercise, coronary blood flow provides the sole mechanism to increase myocardial oxygen supply.
60
The aortic arch and carotid sinus contain pressure-sensitive ....
baroreceptors
61
Cardiopulmonary receptors assess?
mechanical activity in left ventricle, right atrium, and large veins
62
mechano/baro/cardiopulmonary receptors act as negative feedback, how? why?
Inhibit sympathetic outflow from the cardiovascular center | Blunt an inordinate rise in arterial blood pressure

berg part2 (5 decks)

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