PPT1 - chap 12

Question 1

Pulmonary Ventilation

Answer 1

the process by which air is moved into the lungs

Question 2

External Respiration

Answer 2

the exchanges of gases between the lungs and the blood

Question 3

Internal Respiration

Answer 3

the exchange of gases at the cellular level

Question 4

Cellular Respiration

Answer 4

the utilization of oxygen by the cells to produce energy

Question 5

Lung tissue consists of what percentage of solid tissue?

Answer 5

10%, and the rest is filled with air and blood.

Question 6

An average-sized adult’s lungs weigh approximately ? kg, and
has a volume of ? L

Answer 6

1kg, 4-6L

Question 7

What receives the largest blood supply of all organs?

Answer 7

Alveoli

Question 8

What is good about thin mebranes beween capillaries and alveoli?

Answer 8

Facilitate rapid exchange of gases

Question 9

What do the pores of Kohn do?

Answer 9

Evenly disperse surfactant over respiratory membranes to reduce surface tension for easier alveolar inflation.

Question 10

What lines the inside of the alveoli?

Answer 10

Water molecules line the inside making a water membrane.

Question 11

What do the water molecules want?

Answer 11

to all meet in the center, hence collapse the alveoli.

Question 12

What do surfactant do?

Answer 12

pulls the water molecules towards the membrane line, so they dont keep going towards the center. Cause surface tension, so the alveoli can stay open

Question 13

What are surfactants made up of?

Answer 13

lipoprotein mixture of phospholipids, proteins, and calcium ions produced by alveolar epithelial cells that reduces surface tension

Question 14

Conducting zone functions to do what?

Answer 14

Functions: Air transport, humidification, warming, particle filtration, vocalization, immunoglobulin secretion

Question 15

Conduction zone uses which 2?

Answer 15

Trachea and terminal bronchioles

Question 16

Transitional and respiratory zones involve which 3?

Answer 16

Transitional and respiratory zones: Bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

Question 17

What is the function of the transitional and respiratory zones?

Answer 17

Functions: Gas exchange, surfactant production, molecule activation and inactivation, blood clotting regulation, and endocrine function

Question 18

Conduction zone #

Answer 18

1-16

Question 19

Transition and respiratory zones #

Answer 19

17 to 23

Question 20

What is Fick’s Law of Diffusion?

Answer 20

States that a gas diffuses through a sheet of tissue at a rate:
Directly proportional to the tissue area, a diffusion constant, and the pressure differential of the gas on each side of the membrane
Inversely proportional to tissue thickness

BASICALLY, the thinner the better for exchange.
high concentration —> low concentration

Question 21

The movement of air into the lungs from the atmosphere depends on which 2 factors?

Answer 21

pressure gradient and resistance

Question 22

What is the breathing equation?

Answer 22

V = deltaP / R

Question 23

Explain the entire process of inspiration.

Answer 23

Diaphragm contracts, flattens, and moves downward toward the abdominal cavity
Elongation and enlargement of the chest cavity expands the air in the lungs, causing its intrapulmonic pressure to decrease to slightly below atmospheric pressure
Lungs inflate as the nose and mouth suck air inward
Finishes when thoracic cavity expansion ceases, causing equality between intrapulmonic and ambient atmospheric pressure

Question 24

What does Boyle’s Law states?

Answer 24

Boyle’s law states that the pressure of a gas is inversely
related to its volume (or vice versa) under conditions of
constant temperature: Low pressure is associated with large
volume and high pressure is associated with small volume

Question 25

When volume decreases, pressure ________.

Answer 25

increases

Question 26

When volume increases, pressure _________.

Answer 26

decreases

Question 27

During exercise, which muscles contract, causing the ribs to rotate and LIFT UP AND AWAY from the body?

Answer 27

scaleni and external intercostal m.

Question 28

Athletes often bend forward from the waist to facilitate breathing following exercise. Why?

Answer 28

``` Promotes blood flow back to the heart Minimizes antagonistic effects of gravity on the usual upward direction of inspiratory movements ```

Question 29

Expiration, passive or active?

Answer 29

passive

Question 30

Expiration phases, explain the whole thing.

Answer 30

Sternum and ribs drop, diaphragm rises, decreasing chest cavity volume and compressing alveolar gas so air moves from respiratory tract to atmosphere Ends when the compressive force of expiratory muscles ceases and intrapulmonic pressure decreases to atmospheric pressure

Question 31

Which muscles act powerfully on the ribs and abdominal cavity to reduce thoracic dimensions?

Answer 31

Internal intercostal and abdominal muscles

Question 32

Tidal volume, explain and value.

Answer 32

Air moved during the inspiratory or expiratory phase of each breathing cycle, 0.4-1.0 L of air per breath

Question 33

Inspiratory reserve volume, explain and value.

Answer 33

Inspiring as deeply as possible following a normal inspiration, 2.5-3.5 L above inspired tidal air

Question 34

Expiratory reserve volume, explain and value.

Answer 34

After a normal exhalation, continuing to exhale and forcing as much air as possible from the lung, 1.0-1.5 L

Question 35

Forced vital capacity: , explain and value.

Answer 35

Total volume of air voluntarily moved in one breath, includes TV plus IRV and ERV, 4-5 L in young men and 3-4 L in young women

Question 36

Average residual lung volume for college-aged women.

Answer 36

0.8-1.2L

Question 37

Average residual lung volume for college-aged man.

Answer 37

0.9-1.4L

Question 38

What does residual lung volume allow?

Answer 38

Allows an uninterrupted exchange of gas between the blood and alveoli to prevent fluctuations in blood gases during phases of the breathing cycle

Question 39

What IS residual lung volume?

Answer 39

Air volume remaining in the lungs after exhaling as deeply as possible

Question 40

What happens to residual lung volume when there is an acute bout of either short-term or prolonged exercise?

Answer 40

Residual lung volume will temporarily increases.

Question 41

Why does residual lung volume temporarily increase from acute bout of short-term or prolonged exercise?

Answer 41

Closure of small peripheral airways and increase in thoracic blood volume.

Question 42

What does dynamic ventilation depend on?

Answer 42

1. Maximum “stroke volume” of the lungs (FVC) | 2. Speed of moving a volume of air (breathing rate)

Question 43

What is breathing rate determined by?

Answer 43

lung compliance, or the resistance of the respiratory passages to air and the “stiffness” imposed by the chest and lung 

Question 44

FEV1/FVC indicated what?

Answer 44

Pulmonary airflow capacity.

Question 45

What does the forced expiratory volume reflect?

Answer 45

Reflects pulmonary expiratory power and overall resistance to air movement upstream in the lungs

Question 46

What is the normal FEV1/FVC?

Answer 46

85%

Question 47

Which percentage is considered airway obstruction?

Answer 47

70% or less.

Question 48

What does maximum voluntary ventilation evaluate?

Answer 48

ventilatory capacity with rapid and deep breathing for 15 seconds

Question 49

Men or women: compare lung size and airway diameter.

Answer 49

Compared to men, women have a reduced lung size and airway diameter, a smaller diffusion surface and static and dynamic lung function measures

Question 50

Women have a reduced lung size and airway diameter. What does it cause?

Answer 50

Leads to expiratory flow limitations, greater respiratory muscle work and use of ventilatory reserve during maximal exercise, particularly in highly trained women A smaller lung volume plus a high expiratory flow rate in trained women during intense exercise places considerable demand on the maximum flow–volume envelope of the airways, adversely affecting how they maintain alveolar-to-arterial oxygen exchange

Question 51

Minute ventilation

Answer 51

Volume of air breathed each minute.

Question 52

Average value of minute ventilation.

Answer 52

6L

Question 53

Equation for minute ventilation.

Answer 53

Minute ventilation (V·E) = Breathing rate X tidal volume

Question 54

What can increase minute ventilation?

Answer 54

Increased breathing.

Question 55

What is anatomical dead space? What is its normal value...

Answer 55

air in each breath that does not enter the alveoli or participate in gaseous exchange with the blood, generally ranges between 150-200 mL

Question 56

Normal average Ventilation-Perfusion ratio?

Answer 56

0.84

Question 57

With exercise, does V:P increase or decrease?

Answer 57

Increase. During intense exercise, can be up to 5L

Question 58

What is physiologic dead space?

Answer 58

The portion of the alveolar volume with a ventilation–perfusion ratio that approaches zero

Question 59

Sometimes the alveoli may not function adequately in gas exchange because of?

Answer 59

Underperfusion of blood | Inadequate ventilation relative to the alveolar surface

Question 60

At what percentage dead space of the lung of total lung volume, will adequate gas exchange be impossible?

Answer 60

when dead space of lung exceeds 60%

Question 61

In moderate exercise, well-trained athletes maintain alveolar ventilation by increasing tidal volume with a (small increase or small decrease) in breathing rate.

Answer 61

Small increase.

Question 62

Well-trained: depth or rate increases first?

Answer 62

depth

Question 63

Hyperventilation?

Answer 63

An increase in pulmonary ventilation that exceeds the O2 consumption and CO2 elimination needs of metabolism

Question 64

Dyspnea?

Answer 64

An inordinate shortness of breath or subjective distress in breathing

Question 65

Valsalva Maneuver

Answer 65

Closing the glottis following a full inspiration while maximally activating the expiratory muscles, creating compressive forces that increase intrathoracic pressure above atmospheric pressure

Question 66

What happens when performing a prolonged valsalva maneuver during static, straining-type exercise?

Answer 66

Dramatically reduce venous return and arterial blood pressure.

Question 67

What does this dramatic venous reduction and arterial blood pressure reduction cause?

Answer 67

This diminishes the brain’s blood supply, often producing dizziness or fainting Once the glottis reopens and intrathoracic pressure normalizes, blood flow reestablishes with an “overshoot” in arterial blood pressure

Question 68

Running in cold temp... why don't we die?

Answer 68

because of airway warming.... more in slide.