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berg part2 > PPT2 - chap 13-14 > Flashcards

PPT2 - chap 13-14 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does body’s supply of oxygen depend on?

A

Concentration of ambient air and pressure of ambient air

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2
Q

Equation for partial pressure

A

percentage concentration of specific gas X total pressure of gas mixture

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3
Q

Tracheal air vs alveolar air

A

slide 4

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4
Q

What is Henry’s law?

A 
The mass of a gas 
that dissolves in a fluid at a given 
temperature varies in direct 
proportion to the pressure of the
gas over the liquid
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5
Q

Which factors affect the rate of gas diffusion into a fluid?

A

The pressure differential between gas above fluid and gas dissolved in the fluid.

AND

solubility of the gas in the fluid.

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6
Q

What generally happens to N2 during alveolar-capillary gas exchange?

A

remains unchanged

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7
Q

What are the factors that impair gas transfer capacity in the alveolar capillary membrane?

A

Buildup of a pollutant layer that “thickens” the alveolar membrane
Reduction in alveolar surface area
Low perfusion

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8
Q

Which 2 ways does the bloody carry oxygen?

A

1) In physical solution dissolved in the fluid portion of blood
2) In loose combination with
hemoglobin, the iron-protein
molecule within the red blood cell

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9
Q

What are functions of oxygen transported in solution?

A

Establishes the PO2 of the plasma and tissue fluids

Helps to regulate breathing

Determines oxygen loading of hemoglobin in the lungs and subsequent release in tissues

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10
Q

Hemoglobin carries ________ times more oxygen than normally dissolves in plasma.

A

65-70

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11
Q

What dictates the oxygenation of hemoglobin to oxyhemoglobin?

A

oxygen dissolved in physical solution

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12
Q

What does the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve illustrate?

A

illustrates the saturation of hemoglobin with O2 at various values

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13
Q

What is a-v difference?

A

The a-vO2 difference describes the difference between the oxygen content of arterial blood and mixed-venous blood

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14
Q

What is the average a-v difference of O2?

A

4-5 ml of O2 per deciliter of blood

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15
Q

Where does a RBC derive energy from?

A

A red blood cell derives its energy solely from the anaerobic reactions of glycolysis because they contain no mitochondria, causing them to produce the compound 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG)

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16
Q

What does RBC produce (which compound)?

A

the compound 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG)

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17
Q

What does 2,3DPG do?

A

binds loosely with subunits of the hemoglobin molecule, reducing its affinity for oxygen causing greater oxygen release to the tissues for a given decrease in PO2

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18
Q

Which types of people tend to have increased levels of red blood cell 2,3 DPG?

A

occurs in those with cardiopulmonary disorders and those who live at high altitudes to facilitate oxygen release to the cells

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19
Q

Does 2,3 DPG help during exercise?

A

yes

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20
Q

What is a myoglobin?q

A

An iron-containing globular protein in skeletal and cardiac muscle fibers

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21
Q

what does myoglobin do?

A

provides intramuscular oxygen storage

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22
Q

difference between myoglobin and hemoglobin

A

myoglobin - contains one iron atom

hemolobin - contains four

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23
Q

difference between myoglobin and hemoglobin in relation to oxygen saturation

A

myoglobin much more readily binds and retains oxygen at LOW PO2

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24
Q

When is the greatest quantitiy of oxygen release from MbO2?

A

when tissues PO2 declines below 5 mmHg

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25
What DOES NOT affect myoglobin's oxygen-binding affinity?
Acidity, carbon dioxide and temp
26
What are the 3 ways blood carries CO2?
In physical solution in plasma Combined with hemoglobin within the red blood cell As plasma bicarbonate
27
What percentage of CO2 formed during energy metabolism moves into physical solution in the plasma?
about 5 %
28
When CO2 combines with water, what forms?
carbonic acid
29
What happens when there's carbonic acid in the tissues?
Most of it ionizes into H+ and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
30
What percentage of total CO2 exists as plasma bicarbonate?
60-80%
31
Why does the globin portion of Hb form a carbamino compound?
Because it carries 20% of body's CO2... Carbamino compounds form when CO2 reacts directly with the amino acid molecule of blood proteins
32
What is the Haldane Effect?
A decrease in the plasma PCO2 in the lungs reverses carbamino formation, causing carbon dioxide to move into solution and enter the alveoli as oxygenation of hemoglobin reduces its ability to bind carbon dioxide
33
Muscles involved when inspire
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles
34
Which part of brain controls duration and intensity of inspiratory cycle?
Hypothalamus
35
Variations in arterial PO2, PCO2, _______, and _________ activate sensitive neural units in the medulla and arterial system to adjust ventilation and maintain arterial blood chemistry within narrow limits
pH and temp
36
Where does the controlling of ventilation and maintenance of arterial blood (within narrow limits) happen?
in medulla and arterial system
37
Which receptors react to sensitivity to reduced oxygen pressure, increase in temp, increase in acidity and CO2/K conc.?
chemoreceptors
38
What monitors the state of arterial blood just before it perfuses the brain?
Carotid bodies
39
Decreased arterial PO2 (increases/decreases) alveolar ventilation through aortic and carotid chemoreceptor stimulation
increases
40
What do chemoreceptors detect?
sensitivity to reduced oxygen pressure, increase in temp, increase in acidity and CO2/K conc.
41
Small increases in PCO2 in inspired air trigger large increases in?
minute ventilation
42
A fall in blood pH means carbon dioxide retention or lack of carbon dioxide?
CO2 retention
43
What happens when arterial pH declines and H+ accumulates?
inspiratory activity increases to eliminate carbon dioxide and reduce arterial levels of carbonic acid
44
Where does the stimulus to breathe come from?
primarily from increased arterial PCO2 and H+ conc.
45
Hyperventilating before breath holding causes alveolar PCO2 to decrease to ?
15 mmHg
46
Explain hyperventilation and what happens.
A larger-than-normal quantity of carbon dioxide leaves the blood and arterial PCO2 decreases Extends breath-holding duration until arterial PCO2 and/or H+ concentration cause the urge to breathe.
47
Cortical influence on ventilatory control
Neural outflow from regions of the motor cortex and cortical activation in anticipation of exercise stimulate respiratory neurons in the medulla to initiate the abrupt increase in exercise ventilation
48
Peripheral influence on ventilatory control
Sensory input from joints, tendons, and muscles influences the ventilatory adjustments throughout exercise
49
Phases of minute vent in exercise and recovery are?
Phase I: At the start, neurogenic stimuli from the cerebral cortex and feedback from the active limbs stimulate the medulla to increase ventilation abruptly Phase II: After a short plateau minute ventilation then rises exponentially to achieve a steady level related to the metabolic gas exchange demands Phase III: Fine-tuning of the steady-state ventilation through peripheral sensory feedback mechanisms
50
What happens to ventilation when exercise ceases and why
Declines. Why? Removal of the central command drive Sensory input from previously active muscles
51
Why is there a slower recovery phase during ventilation?
Gradual diminution of the short-term potentiation of the respiratory center Reestablishment of the body’s normal metabolic, thermal, and chemical milieu
52
During intense submaximal exercise, what happens to minute ventilation?
Moves sharply upward and increases disproportionately in relation to oxygen consumption
53
What is ventilatory threshold?
the point at which pulmonary ventilation increases disproportionately with oxygen consumption during graded
54
Where does excess ventilation come from?
comes from carbon dioxide’s release from buffering of lactic acid that begins to accumulate
55
What are the measurements of lactate threshold's three main important functions?
Provides a sensitive indicator of aerobic training status Predicts endurance performance, often with greater accuracy than V·O2max Establishes an effective training intensity geared to the active muscles’ aerobic metabolic dynamics
56
What is onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA)?
Lactate threshold describes the highest oxygen consumption or exercise intensity achieved with less than a 1.0 mM increase in blood lactate concentration above the pre-exercise level
57
OBLA signifies when blood lactate concentration systematically increases to......
4.0mM
58
A threshold of lactate appearance could result from four factors. What are they?
Imbalance between the rate of glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration Decreased redox potential (increased NADH relative to NAD+) Lower blood oxygen content Lower blood flow to skeletal muscle
59
Which factors influence endurance performance in a specific exercise mode?
VO2 max and OBLA
60
Improving endurance performance improves which more: VO2 max or OBLA?
OBLA
61
What is buffering?
Buffering are chemical and physiologic mechanisms that minimize changes in H+ concentration
62
Range of pH for bodily fluids
1.0 to 7.45
63
Alkalosis
decrease in H+ conc
64
Acidosis
increase in H+ conc
65
Which mechanisms regulate internal pH?
Chemical buffers Pulmonary ventilation Renal function
66
The chemical buffering system consists of a (weak/strong) acid and _______ of that acid
weak, salt
67
When is a weak acid produced?
when H+ remains elevated
68
Chemical buffers that provide the first line of defense (3)
Bicarbonate buffers Phosphate buffers Protein buffers
69
Which buffers provide second line of defense?
renal and pulmonary systems
70
Explain ventilation buffer.
When H+ in extracellular fluid and plasma increases, it stimulates the respiratory center to increase alveolar ventilation  reduces alveolar PCO2 and causes CO2 to be “blown off”  reduced plasma CO2 levels accelerate the recombination of H+ and HCO3-, lowering H+ concentration in plasma
71
Explain renal buffer.
Renal tubules regulate acidity through complex chemical reactions that secrete ammonia and H+ into urine and reabsorb alkali, chloride, and bicarbonate
72
A plasma pH below ______ can cause nausea, headache, and dizziness
7.0

berg part2 (5 decks)

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