PPTs Flashcards
(480 cards)
1
Q
small headeater channels at the tips of the channel network where sediment transport is dominated by hillslope processes
A
colluvial channels
2
Q
the steepest of mountain channels charac by tumbling flow around individual boulders; disorganized streambed structure
A
cascade channels
3
Q
channels lackinh well defined bedforms and instead displaying long reaches lacking pools
A
plane bed channels
4
Q
mountain river morphology charac by alternating sequence of pools and bars
A
pool riffle channels
5
Q
occurs when deposition is greater than erosion
A
aggradation
6
Q
occurs when erosion is greater than deposition
A
incision
7
Q
a deposit of coarse material resulting from a leeve breach during flood
A
splay
8
Q
consists of long curving parallel ridges (scrolls) that during stages of high water have been aggradated against the inner bank of the meandering channel, while the opposite bank experienced erosion.
A
Meander scroll bars
9
Q
prticles that are less than 1 nanometer micrometer in diamter that are highly dispersed and exist in molecular solution
A
solutes
10
Q
particles of organic wnd mineral substances that range from 1-100nm normally exist in a highly dispersed state but may adopt a semi solid form
A
colloids
11
Q
significant ingredient in mechani weathering is and it is the repeated generation of stress
A
fatigue
12
Q
the spling of rock sheets from the main rock
A
exfoliation
13
Q
expoliation in some rocks like granite may produce convex hills called
A
exfoliation domes
14
Q
force produced is large enough to shatter rocks and the process is called
A
hydrofracturing
15
Q
the formation of discrete bodies of ground ice in cold environment soils may lead to bedrock fracture
A
ice segregation
16
Q
conjunction with the fatigue effect leads to wet dry weathering that physically disintegrates rocks
A
slaking
17
Q
salt crystallizing within the ibterstices of rocks produes stresses and widen them leads to grabular disintegration
A
haloclasty
18
Q
chemical waethering is strongest in
A
warm wet climates
19
Q
if soil or rock becomes saturated with stagnant water it becomes oxygen deficient and with the aid of anaerobic bacteria
A
reduction
20
Q
removal of metal ions and the agents are in part the decomposition products of plants and in part secretions from plant roots encourages chemical weathering and the transfer of metals in the soil or rock
A
chelation
21
Q
ratio of surface area to vume of material controls the rate of what
A
weathering
22
Q
mafic minerals weather by?
felsic?
A
oxidation
hydrolysis
oxides don’t weather at all
23
Q
intense frost weathering of exposed bedrock produces
A
blockfields
24
Q
also called as falsenmeer block meer and stone fields
A
block fields
25
steeper fields up to 35 degrees?
blockstreams
26
are large weathering features that take form the form of hollows or cavities on a rock surface
tafoni
27
instead of boulders it fashions slabs known as referring to the gneiss rocks
penitent rocks monkstones and tombstones
28
what inselbergs are
dome shaped hills
bear scattering of blocks
small and angular
bornhardts
nubbins or ks
castle kopples
29
pull apart basin form by
transtension
30
transverse orogen formed by
transpression
31
numerousw branching irregular faults which when they move may produce upthrust blocks and down sagging ponds
anastanosing faults
32
results from differential erosion along a fault line and when fault scarp undergoes erosion
fault scarp
33
if the valleys moves repeatedly the streams are rejuvenated to form
wineglass or funnel valleys
34
formed when beds dip in one direction whether caused by their original position or tilting may be symmetric or asymmetric depending on the invlination dip of the starta and the provess acting on them
monoclinal structures
35
when movement brings ridge crests on one side of tue fault opposite vallrys on the other side the valleys are shut off
shutter ridges
36
where tensionsl stress dominate strike slip faults subsudence occurs ang long shallow depressions
sag ponds may form
37
defined as the liquid linit minus the plastic limit is an important indicator of potential slope instability shows a moisture range which a soil will behave as a plastic
plasticity index
the higher the index the less stable the slope
38
iton ocides and hydroxides precipitate on the sea floor as it is a green iron silicate
chamosite
39
examples of iron oxides that form in land
siderite limonite goethite
40
form by soluble salt precipitation in low lying land areas and inland seas
evaporites
41
common biogenic rock
limestone
42
chemicals precipitated in soils and sediments often form hard layers called and they occur as hard nodules or crusts or simply as hard layers
duricrusts
43
a coarse rock composed of poorly cemented shells and shell fragments
coquina
44
a soft porous rock made up almost entirely of the hard parts of microscopic marine oragnisms
chalk
45
are one celled marine plants that live in large numbers throughout the upper layers of the ocean. Bright blue green area in the satellite image is a bloom of these organisms off the coast of tasmania their skeletons will settle to the ocean floor as biochemical sediments
cocolithophores
46
sedimentary organic materials are called
dy and gyttja
47
a gelatinous, acidic sediment formed in humic lakes and pools by the flocculation anf preciipitation of dissolved humic materials
Dy
48
comprises several biologically produced sedimentary oozes commonly subdivided into oragnic calcareous and siliceouz types
Gyttja
49
peats of which there are many types
sedentary organic materials
50
3 main sedimentary sediments
gravity driven flows dry and wet
fluid flows tidal movements and wave unduced currents
suspension settling and unidirectional flow created by density currents in deep marine environments
terrestrial
shallow marine environments
deep marine environments
51
adjacent to the continental slipe contains material that was transported by dense underwater currents of suspended sediment each layer has coarser particles at the vottom and finer material on top
deep marine envi
52
sites where clay sand and carbonates rich muds are often deosited ripple marks caused by wave activity may be present
shallow marine envi
53
arid envi where evaporation exceeds precipitation produce evaporite dpeosits such as rock and salt and gypsum
inland seas and lakes
54
quiet water envi where mud and decayed plant material accumulate
swamps and bogs
55
measure of the rate at which humans create new landforms and mobilize sediments
geomorphic footprint
56
trilobite age
cambrian- late permian
57
what are the phyllum arthropoda
bilateral symmetry
jointed appendages
open circulatory system
segmented bodies
hard chitinous exoskeleton
58
crustacean age
cambrian-present
59
insecta age
carboniferous-present
60
subphylum crinozoa
crinoidea
sea lily (stalked crinoid)
calyx the crinoid antedon
61
age of crinoidea
middle cambrian-present
62
example and age of subphylum asteroza
ophiuroidea (brittle stars)
Ordovician-present
asteroidea (sea stars)
Triassic-present
63
bilaterally symmetrical
segmented body
elongate and vilateral
complete circulatory system
distinct head
has posterior end and anterior head
phylum annelida
64
age iof leeches
silurian-recent
65
earthworm age
triassic-recent
66
arachnids age
silurian-present
67
myriapods
cambrian-present
68
proposed by Hutton
rocks were formed by heat concealed within the Earths interior
plutonism
69
rochs had setteled out of a large ocean whose level gradually dropped over time
neptunism
70
who amplified the concept of neptunism
abraham gottlob werner
71
proposed by baron georges cuvier
catastrophism
72
who justified Lemaitres theory?
Edwin Hubble
through observations that the universe is continuosly expanding galaxies are movinf away
73
who proposed the nebular theory
immanuel kant and pierre simon de laplace
74
composition of planetisimals
Si compounds and zfe and Mg ocides and smaller amounts of chrmical elements
75
rich in mineral perovskite
mantle
76
composed of the ultramafic rock peridotite
upper mantle
77
who established the age of the Earth?
clair C. Patterson
in 1953
reproting the ratio of lead types found in canyon meteorites and comparing them to lead ratios found jn the other rocks on the earth and oyhe rmetreorites
78
how many percent does mantle constitues in the earth
82% of its volume 68% of its mass
79
law of uniformitarianism
cross cutting relationship
law of inclusions
law of unconformities
1788 theory of earth
transactions of the royal society of edinburgh uniformity of causes
cyclic view of earth change
earth can rejuvenate itself
james hutton
80
principle of superposition
principle of original horizontality
principle of original lateral continuity
stenos law
81
faunal and floral succession
correlation
william strata smith
82
founder of the basic stratigraphy principles
nicolaus steno
83
father of stratigraphy
credited with creating the 1st detailed nationwide geologic map & showing the rock strata in Englanf and wales
famous for the principle of faunal and floral succession
william "strata" smith
84
some natural processes active in the past that may no longer be important on Earth assumes only a uniformity of kinds of natural causes
laws of nsture have been constant through time
actualism
85
grand canyon layers from oldest to youngest
unkar group zoroaste rgrnaite precambrian
bright angle shale cambrianmuav limestone devonianred wall limestone mississippian
supai group pennsylvanian
hermit shale permian
coconino sandstonepermian
toroweap formation permian
kaibab limestonepermian
86
a bed will extend laterally until
pinches out
abuts against older rock
truncated by erosion
cut by fault
87
represents a long period during which deposition ceased and erosion removed prev formed rocks before deposition resumed
law of unconformities
88
indicates history of uplofting above sea water undergoing erosion and lowering below the sea level again
disconformity
89
geologic time that is not represented in the strata
hiatus
90
gap or break in the stratigraphic record as part of the stratigraphic record removed by an erosional surface
lacuna
91
what doesn't appear on younger rocks
extinct fossils
92
what another way to determien correlation
fossils !
93
the obly adjacent to one another in the modern can be occur superinposed in continuous uniterrupted stratigraphic succession
lithofacies
94
a systematic and logical process that tries to explain how the physical world operates
scientific inquiry
95
how science operates?
observation
hypothesis
experiment/ data gathering
analysis of results
conclusions
hypothesis and analysis can be interchangeable
96
educated guess dependent on variables
hypothesis
97
working hypothesis acceptable explanation
theory
98
no loopholes little discrepancies
law
99
who proposed the geocentric theory
claudius ptolemy 2 AD
100
whi proposed the heliocentric theory
nicolaus copernicus 15 AD
101
there is limit to the number of humans that the Earth cna support
thomas malthus
102
concepts sply the amount of biologically profuctive land/ sea area needed to support the lifstyle of humans
ecological footprint
103
are constructed from a multitude of mini strat columbs that together elucidates the succession of rocks fou d in a study area
generalized columns
104
how many percent is silicates on earths crust
90%
105
silicate polymers
monomer (nesosilicates)
dimer (sorrosilicates)
single chain (inosilicates)
ring silicates (cyclosilicates)
double chain (insoliciates)
sheet silicates (phyllosilicates)
framework (tectosilicates)
106
basic silicate tetrahedra consisting kf 1 Si with a +4 charge and 4 oxygen with -2 charges
monomer nesosilicates
107
dimers have 2 Si and 7 oxygen with -6 charge two silicate tetrahedra sharing oxygen
dimer sorosilicate
108
have 2 bridging oxygens which can be defined as SiO3 or Si2O6 with a 2- and 4- charge result into perfect prismatic cleavages bonds stronger within chains weaker between chains
single chain
109
alternative silicate formation from a chain silicates will form a ring the ratio of silicon to oxygen is 1:3 ex-beryl an dcordieritr
ring silicates cyclosilicate
110
the sig le chain shares an oxygen with a neighbouting chain ratio of silicon to oxygen of 4:11 or 8:22 pargasite
double chain
111
recognized with the chemical formula Z4O10 occurs when the 3 of the 4 ocygens of a silicon tetrahedron is shared all phyllosilicates are hydrous OH or other anion occupying the rings
sheet silicates phyllosilicates
112
all oxygens share kn every silicon tetrahedron which covalently bonded
framework (textosilicates)
113
desert very low annual rainfall of
<300mm
114
at least 12 consecutive months without rainfall
extremely arid
115
<250 mm of annual rainfall
arid
116
a mean annual precipitation of 250-500 mm
semi-arid
117
movement of coarse sand and pebbles 6x larger than saltati g grains as they slide and roll inpacting one another and transferring momentum
usually does not occur with velocities less than 4.5m/s
creep or traction
118
the mutual wear of particles carried along by the wind
attrition
119
how many meters makaya rag alsa sa wind pag trabsport or erode
2m above ground
120
weak mayerial of yardang
lacustrine silts
121
essential of ventifact formation
strong winds
abundance of sand
absence of vegetation
122
also called earth pyramid and tent rock
hoodoos
123
alcoves and niches in rock walls
wind caves
124
concentrations of pebbles and boulders
lag deposits
125
other term for lag deposits
desert pavement
regs- or stony desert portions of the sahara
hamadas-areas covered with large sized rocks
serirs- areas covered with small rock and gravel
ergs- areas kf sand accumulation
126
another term for sand shadows that have formes where wind sweeps sand over a cliff or escarpment
sand falls
127
flund to the lee of a gap between two obstructiond gap acts as a funnel theough which sand trails out to the leeward may be confused with thin deposits of sand called by Bagnold as sand sheets
sand drifts
128
what do you call a group of dunes
dune complexes dune colonies dune chains
129
mobile heal kf sand whose existence is independent of either ground form or fixed wind obstruction existence nit dependent upon an obstruction or topographic break
dune
130
found in africa australia along the coast of the gulf of mecico in texas and in the state og tamaulipas in mexico
clay dunes
131
confined largely to the egyptian sand sea are flat topped sand ridges which extend parallel to the prevailing winds vut lack collapsing fronts which mark seif 100miles long 2 miles wide 150 feet high
whalebacks or sand leeves
132
somewhat same in whalebacks buy shorter in lengrh lacking definite form form billowy surfaces between whalebacks and seifs
undulations
133
also known as desert peneplain
sand sheet
134
what color is unweathered loess
gray
135
broad bedrock surface with a gentle slope away from highlands
pediments
136
this feature appears as oval or elongated depressions with imperfect drainage conditions
back tilting of slope faces
137
irregular slope morpholigy micro relief associated with shallow movements or small retrogressive slide blocks on the aero photo the coarse surface texture of hummocky terrains stand in contrast with smooth surroundings
hummocky relief
138
named after the greek goddess of discord and strife. the object was discovered on Jan 5, 2005 by mike brown cahd trujillo and david rabinowitz aat pamoar observarvatory in the out ceahces of the kuiper belt
eris UB313
139
aka friction angle charac the frictional resistance among particles ina material
angle of internal friction
140
the inherent strenght of a material in the absence of any load
cohesion
141
the ability to resist deformation and fracture w/o significant failure. it is a function of both friction angle and cohesion
shear strength
142
shear strength equation the total shear strength of a slope material is where effective nomrla stress
mohr coulmb
142
have more or less circular failure surface show in general s steep almost vertical headscarp or corwn with the slided mass in front of it the movement makes that the slide mass is backtilting towards the headscarp tensional cracks occur in combination with small steps on the body
rotational slides
143
slideing mass movement along a pre existing failure plane bedding schistosity joint discontinuity between slope debris and underlyong rock the total displacement along this failure plane is generally longer this results in a charac smaller depth/length ratio for translational slides in the order of magnitude of 1/10 in comparison with rotational slides also frequently showing a considerable larger width than a rotational slide
translational slide
144
shallow translational movement in soil material
soil slips
sheet slide in cohesionless and dry soils
slab slide in soil material saturated with water
144
planar slides movement takes place along one and the same failure plane
sypped slides movement occurs along a number of parallel failure planes
wedge failures failure is controlled by two planes which define a wedge shaped block which is loosened from the rock slope
rock slides
144
type of fast moving flow material is oversaturated with water originates from the top leaving in heavy rainfall dragging soil particles with it the kinetic energy can build up so high that and even stones can be taken along
mudflow
145
movements ocurring on steeper slopes 25-35 where the slope debris slides off along the discontinuity with the underlying weathered rock
debris slides
145
in a study of the groundwater discharging into mirror lake, new hampshire, groundwater recharge area is about
1.5 times the lakes catchment area
146
this is considered to be a regional in nature
subsurface flow in groundwater basin
146
debris and falls and high energy slides can also behaves as a flow especially if air or water is entrained in the initial movement. the tapped fluid may develop high pore pressures which buoy up the individual debris particles alternatively, the numerous interparticle impacts may produce an effect analogous to inermolecular motion in a real fluid thuus enabling even dry non cohesive debris flow this type of movement is alos called BLOCK FLOW taking larger material
debris flow
146
define spread extension of a cohesive soil or rock masss combined witha general subsidence of the broken mass of cohesive material into softer underlying material
lateral spread
146
slow movement in wc the rate of internal deformations is limited. includes solifluction general form of this is that material slumps away from the top, leaving a steplike terrace bounded by a curved, wall like scarp saturated materail flows sligglisly to form a bulging toe
earth flow
147
what is the movement of water
3d phenomenon
147
steady flow thotough
isotropic homogenous media effects of non homogeneity and anisotropy
148
early to middle pleitocene colluvial deposits in southern nevada
mainly darkly varnished boulders are common features of hillslopes formed in volcanic tuff. long term survival indicates that denudation rates on resistant volcanic hillslopes in the southern great basin have been exceedinly low througuot quaternary times
149
beginning og earths history
oldest surviving roccks
oldest fossils single cell cyanobacteria
first fossils of animals with hard body parts
first dinosaur fossil
last dinosaur fossil
first modern human fossils
egyptian civilization
roman civilization
xolumbus arrives in north america
past 20 years
january 1
middle feb
early march
middle october
dec 11
dec 26
23 mins before midnigh dec 31
35-14 seconds before midnight
18-11 seconds before midnight
3.5 seconds before midnight
0.14 seconds before midnight
150
a line in 2d groundwater flow field such that the total hydraulic head is the same everywhere on the surface
connects points or qual head and thus represents the height of the water table or potentiometric surface ofa confined aquifer above a datum plane
equipotential line
151
population growth accelerated rapidly in response to inceeased industrialization, and advnaces in medicine
around 1700s
152
population reached 1 billion during
1830s it took 200 years for human popukation to reach 1 billion years
153
projected to be 9.5 billion in the year the population
2050
154
idelaized paths followed by particles of water as they move through the aquifer
flow lines
155
porosity
specific yield and specific retention
55 40 15
50 2 48
25 22 3
20 19 1
20 18 2
11 6 5
0.1 0.09 0.01
11 8 3
soil
clay
sand
gravel
limestone
sandstone semiconsolidated
granite
basalt (young)
156
porosity
50-60
45-55
40-50
35-40
30-35
30-40
30-40
20-35
10-20
1-10
1-10
soils
clay
silt
medium to coarse sand
uniformed sand
fine to medium sand
gravel
gravel and sand
sandstone
shale
limestone
157
develops on some initial topographic slope bedload 5-20% total load of streams
consequent streams
158
have developed a course adjusted along some line or zone of least resistance where it could erode with minimum difficulty and max effect
subsequent stream
159
flow down the dip of the formations in the same direction as the consequent streams but it develops later and at a lower level on a stripped surface
resequent stream
160
one which flows in a direction opp to the dip of the formation and opp to that of original consequent streams of the region
obsequent stream
161
follows a course wc is apparaently not controoled by any factor of original slope structure or rock type <500 laminar
500 2000 turbulent
insequent stream
162
has formed on one surface and sturcture and has since cut down thru an unconformity to flow across lower rock units wc have a structre discordant with that above the unconformity
superposed stream
163
is one which having established a course maintain that course despite the appearance and growth of some structural element
antecedent
164
highest to lowest permeability
well sorted gravel
porous basal
cavernous limestone
wells sorted sand
poorly sorted sand and gravel
sandstone
fractured crystalline rock
silt and tuff
clay
dense cystalline rock
165
highest porosity to lowest porosity
soft clay
silt
tuff
well sorted sand
poorly sorted sand and gravel
gravel
sandstone
porous basalt
cavernous limestone
fractured crystalline rock
dense crystalline rock
166
defiens the point below c soils preserve a constant volume upon drying and behacve as solid
shrinkage limit
167
minimum moisture content at wc the soil can be moulded
plastic limit
168
the point a twc owing to high moisture content the soil becomes a suspension of particles in water and will flow under its own weight
liquid limith
169
3 limits separating different kinds of soil behaviour shrinkage limit plastic limit and fluid limit
atterberg limits
170
low to high permeability
volcanic igenous rocks
recent volcanic aquifers may have high permeabilites due to
development of gas bubbles or vesicles
fractured joints caused by blovking and faulting
development of leached zone by weathering
sand and gravel trapped between flows
171
95% of the total groundwater
best aquifer are the coarse grainde unconsilidated sediments
sed rocks
172
very low permeability (except marble) metatmorphic rock
groundwater alos occurs and moves through fractures and leached zones
porosity and permeability decrease rapdily with depth because of the weight of the overlyinh materials
marble like limestone could have well developed solution openings or even caverns where large groundwater flow occurs
metamorphic rock fractured aquifer
173
desert areas received
10 (25 cm) of precipitation or less each yearthe
174
se are known in desert areas
bedrock and unconsilidated aquifer
175
vast bedrock are known
sed basins of egypt jordan and saudi arabia
176
sahara desert is underlain by a sandstone up to 3000 ft 900km thich
nubian aquifer
177
groundwater under north africa and arabia
the groundwater is old 30,000 radiocarbon years B.P
178
will fracture when it is suddenly struck with significant pressure
rigid solid
179
gentle pressure is applied toa solid for some time it will behave as an and deforems reversibly before fracturing
elastic solid gentle pressure
180
resist deformation until the shear stress reaches a threshold value called the yield limit once beyond the yield stress, deformation of plastic bodies is unlimited and they do not revert tot heir original shape once the stress is withdrawn
perfect plastic solids
181
starts to deform immediately a stress is applied the strain rate increasing linearly with the shear stress at rate determined by the viscosity
newtonian fluid
182
include water and liquefied soils or sediments that behave as fluids
liquid
183
used to rank hurricanes base don their wind speed it is related to level of air pressure within the eye of a hurricane and its associated storm surge
saffir simpson scale
184
tropical depression
tropical storm
hurricane minimal
hurricane moderate
hurricane extensive
hurricane extreme
hurricane catastropic
max wind speed central pressure storm surge
<39
39-73
74-95 >980 4-5
96-110 965-979 6-8
111-130 945-964 9-12
131-155 920-944 13-18
>155 <920 >18
185
material that is still in place and adjacent to the highest parts of the main scarp
crown
186
a steep surface on the undisturbed ground at the upper edge of the landslide caused by movement of the displaced material away from the undisturbed ground. it is the visible part of the surface of rupture
mains scarp
187
the highest point of contact between the displaced material and the main scarp
top
188
the upper parts of the landslide along the contact between the displaced material and the main scarp
head
189
steep stuface on the displaced material of the landslide produced by the differential movements within the displaced material
minor scarp
190
the volume bounded by the main scarp the depleted mass and the original ground surface
depletion
191
the volume of the displaced material that overlies the rupture surface but underlies the original ground surface
depleted mass
192
volume of displaced material that lies abouve the original ground surface
accumulationthe
193
the undisplaced material adjacent to teh sides of teh rupture surface. compass idrections are preferable in describing the flanks but if left and right are used they refer to the flanks as viewed from the crown
flank
194
the surface of the slope that existed before the landslide took place
original ground surface
195
the part of the orig ground surface overlain by the foor of the landslide
surface of seapration
196
material displaced from its original potion on the slope by movement in teh landslide. for,s both the depleted mass and the accumulation
displaced material
197
area of the landslide within ec the displaced material lies below the original ground surface
zone of depletion
198
the area of the landslide within wc the displaced material lies above the original ground surface
zone of accumulation
199
the part of the displaced material of the landslide that overlies the surface of rupture between teh mains carp and the toe of the surface of rupture
main body
200
the portion of the landslide that has moved beyond the toe of the surface of rupture and overlies the original ground surface
foot
201
the point of the toe farthest from the top of the landslide
tip
202
the lower usually curved margin of the displaced material of landslide it is the most distant from the main scarp
toe
203
the surface that forms the lower boundary of the displaced material below the original ground surface
surface of rupture
204
the intersection usually buried between the lower part of the surface of rupture of a landslide and the original ground surface
toe of surface of rupture
205
who proposed the linnaean system classifiaction
carolus linnaeus 1707-1778
206
linnaean system classification great to least
domain-eukaryota
kingdom- animalia
phyllum-chordata notochord
class-mammalia
order-primates
family-hominidae
genus-homo
species-sapiens
207
motile which can move on their own
kingdom
208
variations that occur within an indiv during its lifespan
ontogenic variation
209
embryonic and oist embryonic history of an organism
ontogeny
210
quoted that ontogeny recapitutates phylogeny
just by looking at the embryos
ernst haeckel
211
the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among individuals or groups of organisms
phylogeny
212
the embryos are different
von baer
213
process of adding discrete growth layers to an organisms skeleton as they get larger common in hard shelled organisms
accretion
214
powerful pleobiological growth rate of organisms in response to fluctuations int he environment
implications
215
discovered that there were 400 days in the devonian year and 387 in pennyslavian
john wells
devonian corals
216
outer covering or exoskeleton is shed and sborbed and after few hours the organism expands to a larger size and a new skeleton hardens found in anthropods
molting
217
type of growth is typical of vertebrates wc remodel and add to their bones throughout their life
modification
218
evolution by changing developmental timing wc does not require wholesola changes in the genes only a small genetic change that controls the timing of development
heterochrony
219
retention of juvenile features into sexual maturity
paedomorphosis
child formation
220
stopping development at an early stage
progenesis aphid
221
slowing down developmental timing
neoteny axotl
222
addition of ontogenetic stages beyond the adult reproductive stage
peramorphosis ammonite overdevelopment
223
increased rate of growth so that more stages are added in a shorter time
acceleration
224
shuttingoff the growth at a later stage so that growth continues past the usual endpoint
hypermorphosis late enlargment of brain after brain
225
any changes due to differences in the envi and ontogeny rather than due to genetic differences
ecophenotypic variation
226
fixed clusters of individuals closely resembling each other follows an ideal blueprint
typological
227
dynamic evolutionary units of similar organisms
population concept
228
species are an array of populations wc are actually or potentially interbreeding and wc are reproducticvely isolated from other such arrays under natural conditions
biological concept
229
formation of new and distinct species in course of evolution
speciation
230
animals that live in the same area
sympatric
231
live in different areas
allopatric
232
evolutionary mechanisms behaviors and physiological processe critical for speciation
reproductive isolation
233
phenomena that occurs when a small group of indiv becomes isolated from a larger population
founder principle
234
theory that new species evolve as the genomes of two populations differentiate over enormous spans of time
gradualism
235
fossils have been subjected to tectonic stresses compaction crushing dissolution and other processes that greatly after the shape and composition of the fossils selective sorting by transport
taphonomic variability
236
how many animal species named by carlos linnaues
4,400 animla 7700 plant
237
part of science that focuses on naming and classifiying or grouping organisms
taxonomy
238
mollusca proifera cnidaria platyhelminthes neamtoda annelida anthropoda choradata notochord-catilaginous skeletal rod supporting the body in all embryonic and some adult chordate animals
phyla or phyllum
239
amphibians mammals fishes birds reptiles invertebratesq
classes
240
sums up or repeat the principal stages or phases of
recapitulates
241
processes of fossilization
taphonomy
242
chambered organisms
foraminifera
243
largest terrestrial anthropods
goliath beetles
244
shelled cephalopods
nautilus and ammonites
245
trilobite olenellus shows more and more juvenile features
early cambrian
246
the parent replaced by two daughter organisms because it literally divides into two prokaryote- unicellular and lacks a nucleua that is encosed by a membrane called mitochondira
fission
247
splitting of cells resulting to a amother and a daughter cell
budding
248
new individuals are formed w/o the production of seeds or spores by meiosis and syngamy
vegetative propagation
249
production of spores for reproduction
spore formation
250
new organism grows from a fragment of a parent
fragmentation
251
anopheles maculipennis
sibling species of mosquito
252
trichinosis
humans get parasite from eating pork
253
also called as silicicalstic grians
terrigenous silicates
254
often found as results of recombination and crystallization from parent rocks during weathering
fe oxides and clay
255
rich in metal suphide
black smokers
256
derived form precipitation soluble constituens calcite and gypsum ooids and pellets includes limestones cherts evaporites phosperites
chemical/biochemical
257
composed of carbonized residues of terrestrial plants and animals and petroleum bitume
carbonaceous
258
woody residue of palnt tissues and most coal
humic
259
solid asphaltic residue form from petroleum thorugh the loss of volaties oxidation and ploymerization
bitumes
260
spores pollen and phyto and zooplantktons macerated plant debris in water and constituens of coals and shales
sapropelic
261
secondary constituents often resul of precipitation frompore waters during burial diagenesis
authigenic contstituents
262
associated with bimodal volcanisms
terrestrial valleys
263
incipient oceanic crust and flanked by young rifted continental margins ex. red sea
proto oceanic rift
264
mature rifted continental margins in intraplate settings at continental oceanic interfaces
continental rise and terraces east coast eastern united states east of appalachians
264
progradational sediments wedges formed of rifted continental margins
continental embankments mississippi gulf coast
265
266
267
stable cratons covered with thin laterally extensive sediment cover
continental platforms barents sea no undulations
267
active ocean basin ex
pacific ocean
267
borad cratonic basins floored by fossil rifts in axial Ones
intracartonic basinschad burial
268
oceanic islands aseismic ridges and plateus
imperial hawaiian seamountma
269
dormant ocean basins floored with oceanic crust no spreading subduction
porrostican guld
270
ex if backarc basins
marianas basin
271
forarc basin
fronting the trench volcanic arc
272
former failed rifts at high angles which have been reactivated during convergent tectonics
aulacogens triple junction rifts
273
rifts formed at high angles to continental margins w/o preorogenic history rift valley alongside trenches
impactogens
274
basins formed in intermontane settings following the cessation of local orogenic or taphrogenic activity
successor basin young mga grabes ex: sierra nevada wala na backarc tilt divergent sa likod then results to multiple horts
275
more important to assessing resources such as groundwater and petroleum and are the pore spaces are interconnected
effective porosity
276
calculated by determining teh volume of fluid or gas that can be forced into the rock to completely fill the pores
pore volume
277
this can be examined by thin sections by point counting
porosity
278
the grain volume subtracted from the bulk volume
pore volume
279
at least 1cm thick lenticular/ tabular
beds
280
<1cm
laminaebt
281
contact between beds is of erosional in nature these beds are called
amalgamation surface
282
beds or laminae which features seasonal variation
varves
283
fine grained clastics and evaporites results from suspension settling for sandstones often are the results of traction
laminated beds
284
finering upwards indicates a sequence of a shrinking basin indicates turbidity curretn
normal grading graded beddings
285
coarsening upwards indicates a basin being filled with sediemtns transitioning deep to shallow to subaerial environment
reverse grading
286
turbidity current
pelagic sediments
e-hemipelagic mud towards top turbidite mud towards bottom
d-parallel laminae
c-ripples and convulate bedding
b-parent laminae
a-massive to graded turbidite
287
no internal structures quite rare with coarser sediments for finer sediments sandstorm deposits loess
massive beddings
288
fine sediments that partially or fully convers along the apex of a ripple marks favoring sand being deposited over mud
flaser cross bedding
289
more or less continuous beds in favor of mud being deposited over sands
lenticular bedding
290
commonly around 15-20cm thick some with sole marks indicates continetal shelf and shoreface envi continuos
hummocy cross strat
291
poorly understood however authors agree that these are fluid rich sediment beds undergoing deformation
convulate sturctures
292
mud is overlain by sandstone and heavier sediments where mud sediments are reaching upwards owing to the weight of the heavier overlying sediments occurs ball and pillow structures
flame structures
293
laterally extensive some are impermeable around 1-50cm
dish
294
vertical to enar vertical cross cutting columns saturated with water
pillar
295
resemble channels however short and discontinuous
scour and fill
296
cast of sediments covering bedding planes marks
flute casts
297
larger sedimetns obstruct the path of fluid flow protecting the sediments behind it
current crescents
298
shallow water area between high and low tide
littoral zone
299
area of the continental margin between the low tide line and the edge of the continental shelf
neritic zone
300
deep ocean beyond the continental margin
oceanic zone
301
epipelagic extends from the surface of the ocean to a depth of 200 meters
sunlit zone
302
mesopelagic area of the ocean between 200m and 1000m receives light but is darker than the sunlit zone fish and other organisms live here
twilight zone
303
bathypelagic extends from 1m to 4m darkness life forms contains tube worms lantern fish angler fish
bathyal zone
304
abyssalpelagic the area of the ocean that is deper than 4m
abyssal zone
305
how many fossils of bryozoans found
15000
306
oldest species are found mineralized skeleton from
lower ordovician
307
have tentalces and complex filter feeding systems w/ individual zooids growing from the stolon
separate mouth and anus
bryozoans
308
odovician to recent calcified marine bryozoanz
cylcostomata
treptostomata
cryptostomata
fenestrata
stenolaemata
309
tertiary to recent non calcareous freshwater horesehow shaped zooids
phylactolaemata
310
ordovician to recent marine and occasinally brackish ot freshwater boxlike zooids or with small cylindircal zooids sizes are fixed in early development
ctenostomata
cheilostomata
gymnolaemata
311
hati sa tunga
brachiopod
312
mapaghiwalay sila na shell
bivalve
313
most primitive survuve from cabrian to recent
class lingulata
314
lower cambrian to present
phyllum brachipoda
315
316
shells are made of capo4 +chitin xomplex muscles to keep the shells aligned no toothed shells
inarticulates
317
the crown of tentacles with cilia for filtering food from water
lophophores
318
genus lingula unchanged since cambrian
subphylum linguiformea
319
shells are made of calcite articulate toothed shells with simple set of opening and closing muscles
subphylum rynchonelliformea
320
includes animals such as squids snails oysters clams and slugs marine but many are freshwater and some live on the land
despite diversity of form and function among the molluscs all members of this group have the same basic body plan often indicated by a hypothetical ancestral mollusc
phyllum mollusca
321
hypothetical primitive ancestor that has charac that appear amont most members of the mollusca
HAM
322
neopilina the only genus in this entire class single shell
class monoplacephora
323
wormlike body no body wall made eat cnidarians
class aplacophora
324
chitons the only genus in class polyplacophora shell consists of 8 overlapping paltes tongu like tooth covered
class polycophora
325
most popular class of molluscs snail like creatures ocean lake river bottons coastal shores aland
class gastropoda
326
no head two shells held together by powerful muscles marine and freshwater
class bivalvia
327
lack shell like like octous
shell may redued to a stiffening rod
squids and nautilus are free swimming and move very quickly complex brain two lateral eyes excellent eyesight
class cephalopoda
328
the study of fossil animals that lack notochord (vertebral column)
invertebrate paleontology
328
how many percent does vertebrates consists
95%
329
contain single celled life forms but disctinct to each other
monera and protista
330
have a prokaryotic cellular organization which means that htey lack well defiend membrane bounded organelles and nucleus
monera
331
consist of eukaryotic cellular organization and well defined membrane bounded organelles and nucleus
protista
332
produces complez organic compounds from simple substances present in its surroundings using energy from light or inorganic chemical reactions
autotrophic
333
an organisms that cannot manufacture its own food by carbon fixation and therefore derives its intake of nutrition from other sources of organic carbon mainly plant or animal matter
heterotrophic
334
also called blue green alage are photosynthesizing prokaryotes and are found in qauatic
cyanobacterua
335
true bacteria are single celled prokaryotic microorganims that have a range of characteristics and are found in various conditions throughout all parts of the world
eubacteria
336
considered as the most primitive kind of bacteria and is said to evolve just after first life on earth extreme environments like salt lakes marshlands and oceans and hot springs
archaebacteria
337
constitutes the single celled organisms lacking nucelus therefore are prokaryotes often described as mutualists or commensals
archaea
338
first coind by erns hackel predecssor of plants amd fungus animals
simplest eukaryotic orgnanisms
well membrane
protista
339
the poriferans are multicellular oragnisms that have few types of cell and are not really organized in tissues and absence of nervous system
phylum porifera (sponges)
340
glass sponges are charac by siliceous spicules consisting of six rays intersecting at right angles largely restricted to the deep sea
class hexactinelllida sybphylum nuda
341
includes animals that show radial or biradial symmetrical they develop from two embyronic layers awautic has tubular shaped bidy body walls of ectoderm and endoderm separated by mseoglea
single body
simple nerve net
no separate excretory
cnidaria
342
either be sessile or nektonic free seimming medusoids move via prpulsion wherein they contract their hollow bell shaped bodies to force water out which propels them forward
locomotion
343
mostly composed of halides and sulfates
evaporites
344
rich in sodium sulfate soidum carboante
great salt lake
345
more or less equidimensional lumps separated by dark carbonates mud clay
mosaic
346
slightly elongated separated by thin dark stringers
chickenwire
347
sabkhas and playas salt flats both marginal and continental settings
subaerail evaporites
348
thin bedding and lamination
deep water evaporites
349
dehydration of gypsum
burial
350
rehydration of anhydrite
exhumation
351
pressure dissolution
stylolitization
352
iron rich sed rocks grouped
oxides
silicates
carbonates
sulfides
353
separation og iron bands by chert amterial
chert matrix
354
non banded iron formation
granule iron formation
355
thinly bedded volcanic related lack oolitic and granular
algoma type
356
no volcanic associations occurs quartzite black carbonaceous shales
superior type
357
relation with glacial deposits
raritan type
358
ferric oxides
chamosite iron chlorite oolite include hematite and goethite
359
assoc with precambrian and phanerozoic formations occurs as nodules laminations fossil replacements
pyritic black shales
360
small freshwater lakes of high altitude
hard oolitic pisolitic and conretionary forms to soft earthy types
bog iron ores
361
occurs near spreading ridges black smokers belived to be precipitated of dissolved metals in fluids
metalliferous sediments
362
ferrous iron supplied by hydrothermal systems and dissolved from ocean floor rocks was concentrated in the
anoxic layer
363
quartz chalccedony opal deeper than CCD host to petroleum and phosphorites uranium and amnganeses
chert
364
nodular chert
flint
365
interbedded chert and hematite BIF assoc magnetite
jaspilite
366
dense fine grained
novaculite
367
resembles unglazed/unploshed porcelain
porcellanite
368
low density light colored assoc with hot springsq
siliceous sinter
369
algae like plant origins
lenses pieces of diatomites in silica cement
light colored soft friable
diatomaceous chert
diatomites
370
well bedded well developed radiolarian fossils tend to urvive diagenesis
little harder than radiolarian oozes
radiolarian chert
radiolarite
371
radiolarians
daitoms
silicoglagellates
cambrian/ordovician to holocene
jurassic holocene
cret holocene
372
15-20%
sed rocks with less than 20% are phosphatic
ocean water only contains 70ppb phosphorous ancient deposits contain 30-40% photspherous resembles ooids and pelodoids
phespherites
373
phosphatic nodules phosphatized limestone fragments fossils might be diagenetic origin
pebble bed
374
forms in diagenetic reducing envi forming nodules
apatite
375
oxidizing conditions concentration most likely on low stands high energy envi
reworking and enrichment
376
>25 % volume
volcaniclastics
377
primary at least 75% clasts
lava flows picking up loose pieces on the surface
autoclastics
proximal breccia
distal agglomerate
378
more than 10-25% volcanic clasts redulted from weathering of volcanic rocks mixed with reworki g of streams 25-75% pyroclasts
epivolcaniclastics
379
prokaryotic cells single celled differ from bacteria in genetic and chem
archaea metahnogens
380
prokaryotic single celled cell walls different from archaea and eukaryotic cells
bacteria
381
eukaryotic single celled greater internal complexity than bacteria
protista
382
eukaryotc cells multicelled major decomposers and nutrient recyclers
fungi
383
class of fernts or fen like plants
psilotopsida
384
plant like protists that are chromists has chloropasts containing chlorophyll stores different caratenoids
phylum chrysophytes
385
hairy appearance is due to long extensions of the scales that cover the cell
common motile heterokont unicelll
motile colony of ochromonas like cells
mallamonas
ochromonas
dinobryon
386
found in devonian or carboniferous periods
fungi fossils
387
found in neoproterozoic result of symbols relationsship between an algae or cyanobacteria and fungi
lichens
388
existed since 700ma however fossils are aged 470ma labdolanss resemble liverworts
plantae
389
first vascular platns appearance
silurian
390
early devonian
plants no roots and leaves
391
late dev
plants have roots
392
gingkos and cycads
permian
393
appearance of angiosperms in cretaceous appearance of bees aided its evolution
mesozoic
394
the informal group name for mosses, liverworts and hornworts. They are non-vascular plants, which means they have no roots or vascular tissue, but instead absorb water and nutrients from the air through their surface (e.g., their leaves)
bryophytes
395
earliest known moss fossil
carboniferous period 320 mya
396
also known as bryidae 9k species true mosses
class of bryopsida
`
397
also known as sphagnidae 150 species peat moss
sheet like protonema threadlike shape
class sphagnopsida
398
known as andreaeiadea 100 mosses of granite mosses brackish green color
adreaeopsoda
399
only plant life encountered in dry windy cold mountainous microenvi they live not only on rovks but also on the snow nd ice itself
granite mosses
400
subdivision of tracheophyta comprising vascular plants as the ferns and flowering plants well developed large leaves
phylum pteropsida kingdom plantae
401
ferns are vascular plants differing from lycophtes having true leaves have xylem and phloeam
class filicinae
early carboniferous period
402
most important group of gymnosperms
coniferns
403
oldest living tees
most massive
tallest living trees
bristlecone pine 5k yrs old
giant sequioa 375 ft tall41 ft wide
redwoods
404
short shrubs native to tropical regions like palms
cycads
405
living fosisl male and female tree
ginkgo biloba
406
bizarred gymnosperm plant that grows in namib desert
welwitschia
407
fossil of a jurassic podocarp comes from port waikato
gymnosperm conifer
408
fossilized spores suggest higher plants embryophytes have lived on land
at least 475 mya
409
bilaterain animals that belong to the clade animals known deuterostomia vertebrates and two groups invertebrates urochordares
chordates
410
longitudinal flexible rod between the digestive tube and nerve cord provides skeletal support throughout most of the length of chordate
notochord
411
named bladelike shpare marine suspension feeders
lancelets
412
represent the oldest living lineage of vertebrates most are parasite penetrates fish skin to ingest blood jawless vertebrates that feed by clamping their mouth onto a live fish
lampreys petromyzontida
413
first vertebrates with mineralized skeletal elementas in their mouth and pharynz fossilized dental elementas extinct in devonian armored ajwless
conodonts
414
jawed vertebrates
gnathostomes
415
have skeleton composed primarily of carilage largest most diverse group includes sharkds ratfishes
chondrichtyans
416
vast majority of vertebrates belong to clade of gnathostomes
osteichthyes
417
actinopterygii includes nearly all the familiar originated in silurian period 444-416mya
ray finned fishes
418
sarcopterygii have muscular pelvic and pectoral fins originated silurian period
lobe fins
419
living caught in south afrcia 1983
coelacanth
420
four limbs and feet evolved from lobe fins
tertapods appeared in 365 million years
421
tiktaalik shows both fish and tertapod charac fins and gills lungs scales ribs to breathe air and support a neck
fishapods
422
represented by about 6150 species urodela includes salamadaers means both ways of lifedeclining due disease chtrid fungus habitat loss climate change pollution
amphibians
423
group of tetrapods whose living members are reptiles birds mammals
amniotes early small predators with sharp teeth and long jaws
424
oldest reptalian date to carboniferous first group to emerge were
parareptiles
425
surviving lineage of lepidosaurs two species lizard like reptiles called tuataras
lepidosaurus
426
where birds come from
theropods
427
living birds belong here
neornithes
428
emu
flightless bird in aursralia
429
evolved from synapsids
5300 sepciaes cre
mammals
430
small group of egg laying mammals consisting of echidnas and platypus
monotremes
431
include opossums kangaroos and koalas embryo develops in placenta
marsupials
432
lemurs tarsiers monkeys and apes(anthropoids)
primates
433
oldest know anthoropoid dossil 45 mya
tarsier related to anthropoids than lemurs
434
old world monekys 20-25 mya apes includes gorillas gorillas chimpanzess gibbons orangutan humans
apes
435
200,000
home sapoens
436
chimpanzee and humans are 99% idential
omg
437
study of human origins known as
paleoanthropology
438
more closely related to humans than to chimpanzees 20 species found exticnt orig in africa 6-7 mya
hominins
439
paraphyletic assemblage of hominins between 4 and 2 ma
australopiths australopithecus afarensis
440
earliest fossils 2.4-1.6 mya
handy man
homo habilis
441
fully bipedal large brained hominid existed between 1.9-1.5 mya shows a significant decrease in sexual dimorphisms compared to ancestor
homo ergaster
442
originated inafrica by 1.8 mya first hominin to leave africa
homo erectus
443
homo neanderthalensis lived near europe and near east 350,000-28000 yeasr thick boned hunting tools
neanderthal
444
appeared in africa 195,000 descended frothese african ancestors
homo sapiens
445
oldest fossil of homo s afirca 115000 from middle east
humans arrives in new world 15,000 hyears ago
in 2004, 18,000 year old foossils were fpund in indonesis small hominin was named homo florsiensis
446
>8.0
>7.0 <8.0
>5.0 <7.0
>3.0 < 5.0
>1.0 <3.0
<1.0
great earthquake
major/large earthquake
moderate earthquake
small
microearthquake
ultra mircoearthquake
447
a tool or a technology employed to manage, analyze and siplay geographically referenced information GIS provides the mechanism to capture manage analyze and present data allows the user to visualize and understand the relationship between geo data in forms of maps reports charts
GIS
448
meaning of GIS
geographic information system
449
where coordinate and projection info for spatial features
information appended in tabular format to spatial features provides charac about spatial data contain info about where why what
spatial info
attribute data
450
user friendly open source geographic is licensed under GNU an official project of the open source geospatial foundation
QGIS
451
a translator lib for raster and vector geopsatial data formats that is released under an x MIT style open source lincense by the open source geospatial foundation
GDAL
452
anchor points
indiv pixels
vector
raster
453
defines location on spherical model of the earth
geographic coordinate system
454
defines loc on flat model of earth
projected coordiante system
455
GRASS
geographic resources analysis support system
456
ifsar
interfeormetric synthetic aperture radar from NAMRIA
457
NAMRIA
NATIONAL MAPPING AND RESOURCE INFORMATION AUTHORITY
NATIONAL MAPPING AND RESOURCE INFORM
457
used to generate dem radar mapping is an effective tool for collecting data under challenging circumstances such as cloud cover extreme weather conditions rugged terrain remote locations flown in ph 2013
ifsar
458
what are the pathfinder elements
As
Hg
Se
Ag
Mo
SO
459
pathfinder elements
as
hg
se
ag
mo
so
460
pathfinder elements
as
hg
se
ag
mo
so
461
wallrock residual soil stream sediment
vein type au ore
as
462
wallrock and soil
complex pb zn ag ores
hg
463
gossam residual soil epigenetic sulfides
se
464
residual soil ag bearinh au ore
ag
465
water stream sediment soil porphry copper deposits
mo
466
water sulfide deposits
so
467
list all the diorite in ph
central cordillera diorite complex
northern sierra madre diorite
dinalungan diorite
polillo diorite
tambang diorite
batalay diorite
aroroy diorite
lutopqn diorite
diwata diorite
daguma diorite
pangatban diorite
guimaras diorite
sara diorite
calatrava quartz diorite
