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influence the size of the electrostatic precipitator.

Aluminum, silicon, and iron

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is also applied to mineral matter that may have been transported into future coal deposits (i.e., this mineral
matter was not a part of the plant substance that contributed to the coal precursor nor
was it introduced during the coalification process) by water or wind

syngenetic mineral matter

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refers to that material which was deposited into the
peat bog by descending (or ascending) solutions in cracks or fissures or in the bedding
planes of the coal; such mineral matter may often be found as cleat fillings

epigenetic mineral matter

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produces barriers to heat exchange in the affected
equipment, which can substantially reduce its efficiency and require costly repairs.

s (slagging or fouling)

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most common minerals in coal

illite clay, pyrite, quartz, and calcite

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often constitute as much as 25% of the coal mineral matter.

Sulfide minerals

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may occur
in concentrations as high as 20% w/w of the total mineral matter

quartz

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particular element that occurs in concentrations of less than
0.1%; <1000 ppm) in the earth’s crust are classified as t

trace elements

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chalcophile elements (i.e., those elements which commonly form sulfides; such as c

cobalt,
Co; nickel, Ni; lead, Pb; and antimony, Sb)

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lithophile elements

silicon, Si; titanium, Ti;
aluminum, Al; and potassium, K)

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Kaolinite minerals

Kaolinite
Dickite
Nacrite
Halloysite

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semctite minerals

Bentonite
Glauconite
Montmorillonite
Nontronite
Pyrophyllite
Saponite
Sauconite
Talc
Vermiculite

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Illite
Muscovite

illite minerals

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what are the members of pyrite?

Cattierite CoS2
Laurite RuS2
Marcasite FeS2
Pyrite FeS2
Vaesite NiS2
Villamaninite (Cu⋅Ni⋅Co⋅Fe)S2

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low fusion temperature

Coal that is relatively rich in iron-bearing minerals (such as pyrite or siderite)

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high fusion temperature

aluminum-bearing minerals (such
as kaolinite or illite)

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The iron-bearing minerals in
ash, such as

wustite (FeO), almandite (3FeO⋅Al2O3⋅3SiO2), and fayalite (Fe2SiO4,
also called iron chrysolite

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The clay minerals in coal contain water that is bound within the mineral lattice

– kaolinite contains 13% w/w bound water, illite contains 4.5% w/w bound
water, and montmorillonite contains 5% w/w bound water

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elements in concentrations greater than 0.5% in the whole coal and
these normally include aluminum, calcium, iron, and silicon;

major elements,

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hose in the range of concentration of about 0.02 to in the whole coal and
these usually include potassium, magnesium, sodium, and titanium, and sometimes
phosphorus, barium, strontium, boron, and others, depending on the geologic area

minor elements

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all other inorganic elements usually detected in coal
at less than 0.02% (200 ppm) down to parts per billion and below

trace elements

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an assay of the moisture, ash, volatile matter,
and fixed carbon determined by series of prescribed or standard test
methods developed as a simple means of determining the
distribution of products obtained when the coal sample is heated under specified
conditions.

proximate analysis of coal

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is actually a misnomer insofar as the
majority of the volatile matter is the volatile product of the thermal decomposition
of coal through the application of high temperatures.

volatile matter content

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consists of groundwater and
other extraneous moisture and can be evaporated

adventitious moisture,

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occurs within the pore systems of the coal and is analyzed quantitatively

inherent moisture

The mirror is used when an externai source of monochromatic light, such as a

sodium vapor lamp

strong pleiochroism of a mineral

herapathite

the angle of incidence needed to produce the 90 degrees angle between the reflected and refracted rays is called

brewsters angle

used to adjust the intenstiy of the illumination

rheostat control

Because the light reaching the sample from the fixed condensor is only moderately converging, the illumination provided mineral is viewed perpendicular to the path of light,

orthoscopic illumination.

onsists of strongly converging light viewed simultaneously from different angles in a cone of light using the maximum aperture

conoscopic illumination,

distance between the end of the lens and the top of the sample

free working distance (FWD)

size of the cone of light that the lens can accept

angular aperture (AA)

thickness of cover slip theat provides the greatest oprical efficiency

0.17 mm

distance between the lower and upper limits of reasonably sharp focus

depth of field.

indicates that the lens is constructed of strain-free lens elements and is intended for use with polarized light

also known as one wavelength or first order

gypsum plate

quarter wavelength plate 147nm

mica plate

provided on the knobs to allow the slide to be moved in uniform increments and the size of the increments can be selected by using different knobs.

Detentes

strongly absorbs light that vibrates parallel to its cleavage.

biotite

glass in water

1.33

carbon tetrachloride

1.52

hig relief

0.12

low relief

0.04

intermediate

0.04-0.12

involves examining the "shadows" cast by the grains when part of the light coming up through the microscope is blocked

Oblique Illumination Method

the grains are dark on the side facing the darkened part of the field of view

index of the grains is lower than the índex of the oil

e grains are light on the side facing the darkened part of the field, t

e index of the grains is higher than the index of the oil.

cleavages commonly found in the isometric crystal system include

cubic {001} (three at right angles), octahedral { 111} (four cleavages that outline an octahedron), and dodecahedral {110} (six cleavages that outline a dodecahedron)

CV direction that the light is traveling

propagation direction

represents the side-to-side oscillation of the electric vector of the plane polarized light.

vibration direction

numerical value depends on the path followed by the light through the mineral

Birefringence numerical values of birefringence are for light whose wavelength is 589 nm

retardation is 2500 nm,

a creamy white

Retardation for all wavelengths is 500 nm. Only a portion of the red and violet ends of the spectrum are transmitted, and 500 nm light is completely blocked. The color is perceived

first-order red.

maximum birefringence of 0.009.

Quartz

low birefringence such as

plagioclase, K-feldspar, gypsum,

The angle between the length or cleavage of a mineral and the mineral's vibration directions is a diagnostic property called

extinction angle

extinction in a grain follows an irregular or wavy pattern it is called

undulatory extinction.

The mica plate produces

147 nm of retardation,

light propagating at righ tangles to the optic axis

maximum birefringence

Useful for determining privileged vibration directions of any light ray from path and optic axes Vibration directions bisect angle of planes as shown

biot-fresnel

Useful for determining privileged vibration directions of any light ray from path and optic axes Vibration directions bisect angle of planes as shown The value is plotted on the left side of the diagram. NA is the numerical aperture of the objective lens, 2D is the distance between the melatopes, and 2R is the diameter of the field of view

Tobi's Method

Mallard's method for determining 2V uses an acute bisectrix figure. It depends on the observation that the melatopes must be further apart for larger values of 2V (and 2E). If 2V is small, the melatopes are dose together, and if 2 V is larger, the mela topes are further apart.

Mallard's Method

n updated version of the Michel-Lévy method and is used when 2 V is large and the melatopes are outside of the field of view. It involves measuring the angle of stage rotation needed to cause the cross-shaped isogyre in the acute bisectrix figure to split apart and leave the field of view. It also may be used with modera te accuracy for obtuse bisectrix figures and is the basis for distinguishing between obtuse and acute bisectrix figures when 2V is large.

Kamb's Method

method is used with optic axis interference figures and depends on the observation that curvature of the isogyre in a 45º position is a function of 2 V (Figure 7. 32) ~ If 2 V is 90º, the isogyre forms a straight line in a 45º position. For smaller values of 2V, the isogyres are progressively more curved. If 2V is less than about 30º, both melatopes are usually in the field of view. For 2V of less than 5º, the distance between the mela topes is very small and the two isogyres look almost like the uniaxial cross except for the small gap right in the middle.

Wright Method

unusual form of dispersion called that is found in brookite

crossed axial plane dispersion

produced when the obtuse bisectrix is parallel to the b axis.

Horizontal or parallel dispersion

acute bisectrix is parallel to the b axis

Crossed bisectrix dispersion

what is the mineral alteration of cordierite

pinite

mineral alteration of olivine

iddingsite

what is xenotime

igneous rock

found in meteorites, has a composition dose to the ideal FeS and is hexagonal.

Troilite

H = 3t-4!; G = 4.6;

pyrrhotite

opaque amorphous titanium oxide

Leucoxene

metamorphosed bauxite deposits

emery

e members of the spinel group

spinel, magnetite, and chromite series

inverse spinel structure with ali of the larger divalent cations (A2+) in octahedral sites and half of the trivalent cations (B3+) in octahedral sites and half in tetrahedral sites.

magnetite

Spinel Series

Spinel MgA120 4 Hercynite FeAl20 4 Gahnite ZnA120 4 Galaxite MnA12 0 4

Magnetite Series

Magnetite FeFe2Ü4 Magnesioferrite MgFe20 4 Ulvõspinel FeFeTi04 Franklinite ZnFe2 0 4 Jacobsite MnFe20 4 Trevo ri te NiFe2 0 4

Chromite Series

chromite~ FeCr20 4 Magnesiochromite MgCr20 4

green to blue-green spinel

Pleonaste:

olive brown to brown soinel

Picotite:

Spihel: colorless, green, blue, red Hercynite: dark green

Gahnite: blue-green, yellow, brown Galaxite: red-brown, black

Fibrous brucite is called

hemalite

found in marble, resulting from the alteration of periclase.

Brucite

found as a gangue mineral in hydrothermal sulfide deposits

magnesite

complete solid solution series with magnesite (MgC03) and rhodochrosite (MnC03)

siderite hardness 4 - 4 in a half

H = ~; G = 3.96 (pure) altered to goethite or less commonly to hematite or magnetite y found in fractures and amygdules in basalt, diabase, and andesite.

sideite

a dolomite group mineral intermediat~ between rhodochrosite and calcite.

Ca. Kutnohorite

Does n"ot readily react in cold dilute HCI, but reacts with effervescence when powdered or if the acid is hot.

Rhodochrosite

float in diodomethane

aragonite

dehydrate to a crumbly mass of tinalcotine on exposure to air

borax

Minerais found in evaporite deposits

kernite-monoclinic ulexite-triclinic trona-monoclinic nahcolite-monoclinic thenardite-orthorhombic glauberite-monoclinic carnalite-orthorhombic ployhalite-triclinic kieserite-monoclinc tinalconite-trigonal soda niter-trigonal

Carbonate-bearing apatite is called carbonate-apatite, or r OH-rich varieties and

dahllite

F-rich varieties

francolite

term given to fine-grained cryptocrystalline material that contains a substantial amount of apatite.

Collophane

fine-grained reddishor yellowish-brown material that consists of goethite, clay, chlorite, quartz, tale, a

lddingsite

essentially isotropic material that is usually orangish or greenish. lt also is a mixture and appears to be composed of limonite and chlorite or serpentine with other low birefringence silicates.

Chlorophaeite

Magnesium-rich olivine often alters to serpentine, which may either be

chrysotile or antigorite

sarne structure as the other garnets except that a Si4+ has been replaced by 4H+ with the hydrogens bonded to each of the four oxygens surrounding the vacant tetrahedral site

Hydrogrossular

which ali of the silicon has been replaced by hydrogen, has been synthesized.

Hibschite

Most andalusite is relatively pure Al2Si05 , although a significant amount of Mn3+ and Fe3+ may substitute for the octahedral aluminum, and extensive solid solution to

kanonaite

used for andalusite containing substantial amounts of both Fe3+ and Mn3+.

viridine

y occurs as slender prismatic crystals or as fine fibrous crystals called forms radiating, swirled, or matied aggregates.

Fibrolite

restricted to very high temperature porcellainite homfels in · the contact zone adjacent to mafic intrusions or in pelitic inclusions (buchites) in those rocks.

Mullite

common mineral in medium- and high-grade mica schist, gneiss, hornfels, and related rocks

: Sillimanite

FOR CHLORITOID Mg2 + and Mn2 + may replace up to about 68 percent and 50 percent of the Fe2+ respectively, although most is relatively iron rich. The manganese-rich variety is called

ottrelite

green biotite

stilpnomelane

biaxial positive and is usually pleochroic in shades of red and yellow. F

Piemontite

found in granitic pegmatites, aplites, quartz veins, and in quartz- and feldspar-bearing rocks that have been hydrothermally altered. It also may be found in medium- and high-grade gneiss, quartzite, granitic gneiss, and pelitic schist associated with other aluminous minerais such as kyanite, sillimanite, cordierite, and andalusite.

Dumortierite

melilite The common alteration is to a brown fibrous material called

cebollite

variety that has up to 2 percent of the octahedral sites occupied by Mn 3 + and is analogous to piemontite in the monoclinic series of the epidote group.

tHulite

zoisite variety that has up to 2 percent of the octahedral sites occupied by Mn 3 + and is analogous to piemontite in the monoclinic series of the epidote group.

saussurite

Samples containing significant amounts of AI and Fe3+ are called

f assaite,

Ti bearing samples are called

titanaugite.

n, there appears to be complete solid solution between hedenbergite-rich compositions and

johannsenite

hornblende here includes members of the following series:

Magnesio-hornblende-ferro-hornblende Ca2(Mg,Fe2+)4Al(ShA1022)(0H)z Tschermakite-ferro-tschermakite Caz(Mg,Fe2+hFe3+ 2Si6Alz022(0H)z Edenite-ferro-edenite NaCa2(Mg,Fe2+)sSi7Al022(0H)z Pargasite-ferro-pargasite NaCa2(Mg,Fe2+)4AlSi6Al20 22(0H)z Hastingsite-magnesio-hastingsite NaCa2(Mg,Fe2+)4Fe3+Si6A}z022(0H)z

[Na(Na,Ca)(Mg,Fe2+ ,Fe3+ Al)5Si7Al0zz(OH)z] is a sodic-calcic amphibole with similar color and pleochroism that is found in relatively mafic alkalic intrusives associated with acmite, aegirine-augite, riebeckite, or arfvedsonite.

Katophorite

converted to fine-grained, light-colored amphibole)

uralitized

[(Mn,Fe)Si03] is a closely related mineral with higher birefringence and smaller 2V. Bustamite is optically negative with 2 Vx less than 60

Pyroxmangite

complex day mineral constructed of amphibolelike double chains of tetrahedra aligned parallel to the e axis. typically fibrous, rather than scaly like the other day minerais, and may form flexible matted sheets that are sometimes called mountain leather. It is monodinic with; B = 96º, or orthorhombic, and the indicatrix is oriented so that Z = e; thus, fibers are length slow mistaken for serpentine.

Palygorskite

similar mineral constructed of tripie chains' of tetrahedra.

Sepiolite

monodinic ( L B = 90º) and have optical properties that fali in the range no. = 1.48-1.61, n13 = 1.49-1.63, ny = 1.50--1.64; ô= 0.01-0.04; 2Vx =

Montmorillonite

formed in veins and cavities in altered or weathered carbonate rocks and mafic igneous rocks. They may also be found in deposits from saline lakes

Palygorskite

found as a vesicle filling in basalts and related volcanic rocks

Celadonite

tetrahedral sheets are continuous, but periodically there is a reversai in the direction that the apical oxygens face and the side on which the octahedral sheet is mated. more or less micaceous and may form foliated or scaly masses.

antigorite

the pattern of tetrahedra in the T sheet is distorted to allow a match to be achieved with the O sheet very fine-grained and may form an irregular net-like pattern with uneven or undulatory extinction.

lizardite

[Fe3Si20 5(0H)4] is a related mineral with a somewhat more complex structure, which occurs in weakly metamorphosed iron formations

Greenalite

[Fe3Si40 10(0H)z] is a related mineral with a somewhat more complex structure found in metamorphic iron formations.

Minnesotaite

a name given to varieties with significant Mg and Fe2+. ln most cases, some of the OH is replaced by F, or, to a lesser extent, Cl.

Phengite

a name given to very fine, ragged grains and aggregates of white mica-usually muscovite or phengite-produced by the alteration of feldspars or other minerais.

sericite

e contains up to 10 or 15 percent AI3+ which is balanced by replacing additional Si4+ by Al3+ in the tetrahedral sites or by replacing (OH,F)- with 0 2 -. Fe3+ also isCQmmon and is usually balanced by replacing (OH,F)- with 0 2 -. S

Siderophyllite

The primary compositional variation in biotite is in the occupancy of the octa- .hedral sites, and most biotite falls between

phlogopite* [K2Mg3AISi30 10(0H,Fh] and annite

oxygén in the hydroxyl ·sites are called

oxybiotite.

variety found in metamorphosed iron formations th~t has substantial Fe3+ in tetrahedral sites.

Ferriannite

[K(Fe2 + 1_0 .5Li1-i.sAl)(Si3-3.sA11-o.s) 0 10(0H,F)z] is a closely related mineral that is colorless to light brown in thin section and resembles phlogopite but is found in Li-bearing pegmatites which almost never contain phlogopite

Zinnwaldite

used for certain varieties of trioctahedral brittle micas but the distinction between clintonite and xanthophyllite is poorly defined. The term clintonite is preferred for ali species.

xanthophyllite

used for the Mg end of this series chlorite

clinochlore

Fe end

chamosite

applied to á large group of minerais whose· structure consists of alternating T-0-T layers equivalent to tale layers [Mg3Si4 0 10(0Hh] and octahedral interlayers equivalent to brucite sheets [Mg3 (0H)6].

chlorite

clinochlore, pennine, prochlorite, and chamosite. Others include sheridanite, ripidolite, brunsvigite, diabantite, thuringite, corundophilite, daphnite, diabantite, strigovite, klementite, delessite, pseudothuringite, aphrosiderite, bavalite, and helminthe.

an alteration product after plagioclase, or occasionally amphiboles and pyroxenes, may contain prehnite as well.as albite and an epidote group mineral.

Sausserite

fine vermicular intergrowth of quartz and plagioclase usually found at contacts b~tween K-feldspar and plagioclase is called

myrmekite

intergrowths of quartz and feldspar in interstices in volcanic and intrusive rocks is called

granophyre.

fibrous variety of cristobalite

lussatite

yellowish brown, brown, or greenish material produced by hydrating basaltic glass.

palagonite

light-colored equivalent produc~d by hydrating rhyolitic glass.

perlite

barium feldspar

celsian

Piutonic rocks typically contain low piagioclase and/or K-feidspar, whiie vokanic rocks usually contain high piagioclase and/or alkaii-feldspar. HypabyssaI intrusives

e feidspars with iI~termediate degrees of order.

intergrowths are found for bulk compositions between about An2 and An16, and usually consist of alternating lamellae of An0 and An25 compositions.

Peristerite

found in the bulk composition range of about An47 to An58 , and apparently consists of lamellae of - An45 and - An60

B0ggild intergrowths

occur for bulk compositions of about An67 to An9ci, and apparently consist of lamellae of - An67 and - An95 .

Huttenlocher intergrowths

term given to sodic plagioclase with exsolution blebs or lamellae of Kfeldspar.

antiperthite

albite contains alternating twin lamellae somewhat like the pattern of squares on a chessboard, except the units tend to be elongate and lath shaped rather than square. It is interpreted to be produced by replacing K-feldspar or more calcic plagioclase with albite.

"Chessboard"

Exsolution blebs ·and lamellae of albite in microcline or orthoclase.

Perthite:

Exsolution blebs or lamellae of K~feldspar in sodic plagioclase.

Antiperthite

Submicroscopic exsolution lamellae of one alkali feldspar in another

Cryptoperthite

rims of sodic plag around a phenoccryst of k felds

rapakivi

rims of k felds on crystals of plagioclase

antirapakivi

intergrowth of qtz and feldspar that occurs in interstices between grains in shallow intrusive rocks usually of granitic compostion the qtz forms small vermicular grains or blbs may from a cuniform pattern

granophyre`

Intergrowth of quartz in Kfeldspar crystals. The quartz forms stnall, more or less angular (i.e., cuniform) grains that are usually optically continuous over the entire K-feldspar crystal. Common in pegmatites and granitic rocks.

Graphic and Micrographic

intergrowth of plag and qtz often found at k felds plag contacts

myrmekite

Sol-occupies half of the anion sites, with the remainder vacant, and more Ca may be present than in sodalite.

nosean

differs from nosean in that it contains substantial Ca, which is balanced by filling more of the anion sites with Sol-

hauyne

variety of sodalite containing significant amounts of s2 - substituting for o-,

hackmanite

considered a variety of haüyne containing substantial amounts of. c1- and s2 - instead of sol-

lazurite

marialite dipyre mizzonite\ meionite

0.20 20-50 50-80 80-100

partially dehydrated variety that éontains 3!H20, rather than 4H20. Dehydration may occur on exposure to air.

Leonhardite

fine-grained greenish or yellowish aggregate of chlorite, muscovite, and other silicates.

pinite

most of the crystals are anhedral

allotriomorphic

crystals are subhedral

hypidiomorphic

euhedral

pandiomorphic

curved partially concentric cracks due to shrinkage of the cooling glass

perlitic structure

refers to a amass of sanidine laths in subparallel alignments like a school of minnows

trachytic structure

phenocrysts are gathered in clusters

glomeroporphyritic

describes a situation where there is a continuous range in grain size of one or more mineral species from that of phenocrysts to groundmass size, and in which crystals of progressively smaller sizes are increasingly numerous.

seriate texture

submarine volcanism produced lavas mafic ang sodarich basaltic types in wc lava exhibits the appearance of a pile of small ellipsoidal or pillow masses

spilite

constructed by fissure eruptions

DECCAN plateau of western india

11k ft above sea level base 30 mi in dimater

mount etna of sicily

vent in colorado

cripple creek

other term of subhedral granular

granitoid

surrounded by a belt marked by intricate swriling of foliation planes structureless core of many plutonic bodies

colville granodiorite batholith of washington state

due to shrinkage during freezing of the magma granites sparsely scattered angular cavities

miarolitic

hazy ill defined dark streaks in grnitic rocks result from incomplete mixing of assimilated fragemtns of foreign origin some may result of segregation and late movement of the magma

schlieren

relic inclusions in a crystalline rock

skialith metamorphic

occur as ball like segregations consisting of concentric shells of different mineral compostion and texture

orbicles

examples of parallel dike systems

teanaway dike swarm of central washington argyll mull inverness of west scotland

examples of radial dike swarms found in

cheviot hills scotland the crazy mountains montana and spanish peak colorado

thick sheet showing gravity stratification

wichita mountains igneous complex

curved lenticular masses injected along and concordant with arches and troughs of folded strata

phacoliths (lens rocks) saddle shaped laccoliths consequence of folding

lopolith

duluth lopolith in minnesota sudbury intrusion in ontario bushveld complex south africa

al2o3>na2o+k2o+cao muscovite biotite corundum topaz tourmaline or fe-mn garnet highly siliceous plutonic rocks

peraluminian rocks

na2o+k2o

metaluminian rocks

epheline syenite pegmatites amphibole

barkevikite

based on known principles of miernal crytsallization in magmas

norm

actual mineral composition of a rock expressed in weight or in volume percentage

mode

relating to a fine-grained igneous rock usually formed at a moderate distance below the surface.

hypbassal

holocrystalline

paneuhedral

fAVORED BY higher pressure or lower temperature

microcline orthoclase perthite muscovite and cancrinite or pairs such as nepheline-orthiclase and augite-hypersthene

less than 30% mafics

leucocratic

30-60% mafics

mesocratic

60-90%

melanocratic

more than 90%

hypermelanic rocks

index less than 10

holofelsic

10-40

felsic

40-70

mafelsic

higher than 70

mafic

what type of essential mineral is found in trachyte

sanidine

feldspar are alkalic quartz is 10%

plutonic

quartz is less than 10%

syenite rather granite

rare volatile elements

lepidolite spodumene tourmaline amblygonite beryl topaz

sugary saccharoidal equigranular fine to medium grained contain mafic minerals

aplitic texture

glassy rhyloites with a pithclike rather than glassy luster

pitchstones

devritified glass with concentric or perlitic cracks and pearl luster

perlite

ranular composed of feldspars but without feldspathoids rock is intermediated or mafic

syenite diorite gabbro or anorthosite

presence of these minerals indicates andesite since these are assoc with sodic plag

hornblende biotite

rocks that compose the high Sierra Nevada of California

granodiorite

alkalic felds and plag occur in equal amounts also called qtz monzonite

adamellite

graphic granites and granophyres are charac texture is

cuneiform intergrowth of quartz and alkalic feldspar microcline perthite, microcline, or orthocalse

in granites, phenocrysts if alkalic felds are encased by mantles of sodic plagiolcase result from simultaneous crystallization of alkalic feldspar and sodic plag influence of volatiles

rapakivi texture

volatile action

pneumatolysis

these minerals are most common in highly siliceous granites altered by volatile action an in aplites and pegmatites

muscovite and lithian micas

anorthoclase is present in sodic amphiboles such as

hastingsite riebevkite arfvedsonite

contains abundant mircoperthite and sodic orthoclase

conway granite of new hamshire

granites contain biotite accom by hornblende or augite

metaluminian granites

granites contain micas

peraluminian granites

minerals are ortho and clinopyroxenes and small amount 0olivine silicic end member of charnockite series

subaluminian

charac nby amphibole pyroxene rich in soda and iron much anorthoclase and sodic plag

peralkalic granites wichita mountains and quincy granite are examples

coarse aegirite-riebeckite granite of the atlantic island rockall known as

rockallite

well known riebeckite microgranite represents the fine grained type texture resembles rhyolites

paisanite

later formation larger crystals embedded on grains of feldspars and qtz formed at the expense of feldspar

tourmaline sunburst of tourmaline

aggregate made up of tourmaline and quartz

schorl rock

process of alteration due to the action of volatiles occur near the margins of granite plutons and they form bands or vein like bodies

greisening

KLiFeAlO₁₀(OH, F)₂, potassium lithium iron aluminium silicate hydroxide fluoride is a silicate mineral in the mica group

zinnwaldite

largest plutonic body in the world

coast range batholith of british columbia

convert carbonates to silicates

diopside wollastonite grossulariote

granite with few or no mafic minerlas

alaskite

intrusive igneous rock found in few places in the world. It is unique in having low silica, feldspathoid minerals, and large blocky crystals of black augite.

Shonkinite

dislodgment of comparatively small pieces of the roof rock either singly or in one or more showers called

piecemeal stoping

differs from piecemeal stoping only in the size of the blocks

cauldron subsidence

may produce either a ring dike or a stock depending upon the amount of sinking of the central block and upon the depth of erosion

underground cauldron subsidence

forceful injection of magmas

hans cloos

other term for metasomatic replacement a group of processes whereby solid rocks are changed into rocks of granitic composition and texture w/o passing through a magmatic stage

granitization

convert pure quartz to granite

potash, laumina, soda, lesser amounts of lime iron and magnesia

convert slate into grantie

remove alumina magnesia iron and water and add silica potash and soda

amphibolite

hornblende-feldspar meta rock

inyo batholith of california nevada mesozoic age roof of facies of a major batholith developed in place by recrystallization and replacement of both sed and igneous rocks

pellisier granite facies

vague remnant of country rock in granite, obscured by the process of granitization.

skialiths

metasomatic replacement that may take place during a period of deformationd is calle?

syntectonic granitization also called synorogenic or synkinematic granitization

replacement that occurs w/o any cintemporaneous deformation

static granitization

taken as extending from the surface to a depth of 4 mi. epth commonly of 4 mi with occasional extnsion to 6 mi seems a reasonable estimate for the base of the and the tmep is 250

epizone

temp of mesozone

250-350 top og 500 base 600-700 apil na guro nis katazone

late cretaceous southern california batholith plutons of tertiary age

epizone

late jurassic and early cretaceous

mesozone

earlier members of the largest batholiths

katazone

phenocrysts of plagiolcase are in excess of quartz are in excess of quartz the rock is

dacite

phenocrysts are of quartz and orthoclase the rocks is refers to the frequent occurrence of flow banded or floe structure of these rocks

rhyolite

a rock with phenocrysts of qtz riebeckite and sanidine in a dine grained groundmass taht is often micropgematitic

paisanite

term for sodic rhyolite often in assoc with silitic lavas

quart keratophyre

distinguished bu the presence of anothoclase with aegerite-augite and alkalic amphibole cossyrite

pantellerite

which mountain does dacite got its name from?

carpathian mountains

what is th egrooundmass of dacite?

glassy and felsitic

synonyms with quartz latite produced by the reaction of magma with crystals of pyroxene and plagioclase

rhyodacites

consists of sodic plag

riorite

composde of alkalic felds

syenite

rich in soda for their most charac feldspathoid minerals are nepheline analcite and sodalite

alkalic syenites

equal amounts of alkalic felds and plags

monzonite

reflected by the presence of such iminerals as albite sodic orthoclase perthite anorthoclase sodic amphiboles and sodic pyroxenes

richness in soda

cahrac pyroxene of most diorites

diopsidic pyroxene

most dominat accessosires are biotite and hornblende

monzonite and syenite

what is augite syenite

shonkinite

found as marginal facies of larger granite plutons or as small stocks dikes sills

diorites

middle members of an eruptive series wc begins with mafic lava continues with monzonite

tyrol

alkalic syenite syenite in wc feldspathoids and alkalic feldspars are present

foyaite

what does albite rich syenites represents?

litchfieldite

formed dikelets and streaks occur as discrete intrusive bodies

analcite syenites

alkalic syenites the qtz bearing type or simple qtz syenite is

nordmarkite orthoclase biotite aegirite-augite arfvedsonite riebeckite

slight deficienxcy of silica a little nepheline and sodalite may present

pulaskite

increasing content of plag pluaskite grades into

larvikite has blue anorthoclase

transitonal facies between syenire and pyroxeneite and it probaably originates by local enrichments of alkalic felds with pyroxene crystals alkalic syenites and alkalic porphyritis syenite emplaced at shallow depths contain sanidine isntead of orthoclase

shonkinite

considered as normal migmatites resulting from injection and replacemtn by nepheline pegmatitic fluids

nepheline gneisses

where is uralitic hornblende derived from?

pyroxene

andesites are derived to this alteration and is produced by hot hydrous deuteric solutions rich in co2

propylitization

paicific side of the andesite line

volcanic rocks are basaltic

pacific basin or the intra pacific area

andesitic

other term for latites

trachyandesites

related to rocks are fine grained volcanic and hypbyssal equivalents of syenite all are porphyritic with sanidine alkali felds and mafic as the phenocrysts

trachyte

charac by nepheline or leucite corres to nepheline syenite or leucite syenite

phinolites

increase in the amount of palgiooclase lucite phonolite grades into

leucite tephrite if no olivine but with its baasanites

disappearance of all feldspars they pass into contain leucite and sodic pyroxene

leucitites

gabbros in wc hypersthene predominates over cpx are

norites

olivine and calcic plagioclase are the chief constituent minerals

troctolite

reduction of all mafic minerals gabro passess as

anrthosites

parallelism of tabular minerlas chiefly plag

igneous lamination

reversals of the sequence are common and have been seen in adjacent bands

rhytmic banding

progressive upward change in mineral composition has been

cryptic banding

german name fro troctolite

forellenstein

if less than 10% yung quartz

quartz bearing

are feldspathoildal gabbros of extremely variable composition and texture same amoun of alkalic felds but the other one has more plag than the other

essexites and theralites essexitesabundance of sodic felds such as nepheline sodalite hauynute and noselite characterizes

theralites

type of theralites in wc analcite takes place of nepheline is calledteschenite

type of nepheline rich alkalic gabbro consists of nepheline and sodic pyroxene

ijolite

with increasing amount of nepheline the rock turns into

urtite

feldspathoidal gabbro containing abundant leucite coarse grained equivalent of olivine leucite basalt

missourite

extremely variable rocks aegirite augite makes up about half the volume nepheline and orthoclase are 20%

malignites

prdduced by hot residula magmatic solutions acting upon their own precipitates

saussuritization

hydrothermal solutions contain carbonate

scapolitization

permeation by liquids and vapors of the intrusions of the nearbly granitic melt through grabbroic rocks

prehnitization

one of the largest intrusive bodies of olivine gabbro is and has a great mass of rock varies from normal gabbro and anorthosite to olivine gabbro troctolite and periodote

duluth minnesota

upturned stratiform lopolith with an outcrop 30 mi long and and exposed thickness of 18,000 ft

stillwater complex pof montana

what rocks does table mountain contain?

olivine gabbro anorthositic gabbro and bytownite peridotite bronzite dunite and bronzite peridotite

the worlds most spectacular igneous assemblage with gabbro anorthosite norite oyroxenites and chromite rich

bushveld precambrian complex of the transvaal sout africa

olivine free

tholeiites

basalts of glass found in chilled borders and are easily melted and nearly anhydous

tachylite

contain water absorbed while cooled rapidly by discharge into water or under ice

palagonite

widespread and voluminous among rocks formed in eugeosynmnclines

spilitic diabase

sodar rich basalts in wc albite or oligoclase is rthe fleds

spilites

charac by more than 10% of k felds such as sanidine orthoclase and anorthoclase accom by augite and sub calcic plag

trachybasalt

basalts very rich in olivine

oceanites or picrite basalts

mica peridppotite dunite and the olivine is altered to serpentine

kimberlite

what are the ultramafic rocks monomineralic

hornblendite pyroxenite dipsidedite diallagite bronzitiite

felspathoidla ultramafic rock a melilite pyroxenite is an intersting variety of variable texture

uncomphagrite

felspathoidal ultramafic rock wc is composed chiefly of aegirite-augite and nepheline member of inolite

melteigite

what is the ijolite series

melteigite and jacupirangite

less thna 30

urtite

indices between 30 and 70 are

ijolite

produced by desilication of basic magma in contact with calcareous esdiments

feldspathoidal ultramfic

residual solutions provided by the peridotite magma alon and the alteration is stewed in its own juice

autometamorphism

light colored dike rocks with fine even grain and anhedral sugary or saccahroidal

aplites

composition of pegmatites

quartz, feldpspars, and micas

type of lamprophyres resultd from crystallization and reaction of early crysta;slized minerals

alnoitic

concentrated aloong streaky bands by the moving streams of lava and so constituture a primary flow sturcutre and are crowded with embryonic crystal;s

cyrstallites

high water content 6-10 percent

pitchstone

what i she core similar in compostion?

pallasite meteroite

last residual liquids in a crystal mush are pressed out to form a separate body of differentiated fraction in the magma chamber ot to migrate into cracks cutting wall rock

autointrusion

enrichment of the resdidual liquid in volatiles and hence to alter formation of hydroxyl bearing minerals

hydatogeentic

small portion of volatiles

hyperfusible or fugitive

stages of mamga consolidation

orthomagmatic stage pegmetitic stage pneumatolytic hydrothermal stage

boundary curve of dipside and anorthite and albite

reaction curve or a cotectoiv line

if only 3 % left of diopside the rock is albite-diopside and the rock is called

syenite

but if the melt was separated at an earlier stage yield a

diorite

amount of silica added to femic and feldspathoiidal minerals is called

silica deficiency

Na2O and K2O equal that of CaO when the DiO perecntage exceeds 61

calcic

if the sio2 percentage lies between 56-61

calc-alkalic

between 51-56

alkali-calcic

less than 51

alkalic

basalt trachyte phonolite

alkalic series

baslt andesite dacite and rhyolite

calk alkalic

examples of atlantic rocks

alkalic granites, syenite, nepheine syenites, essexites, therealites and picrites and are classified alkalic

what are pacific types?

granites tonalites gabbros norites and peridotites and are classified calc alkalic affinitiescharac by potash rich suitesmediterranean type

differentiation and modification in geosyncline

keratophyres spilites peridotites

consists of 2layer structure one of the sio4 and one of the aluminum hydroxyl

kaolinite

3 layer structure has two basic sheets of sio4o10 arranged as layers wiith the unshared oxygens directed toward one another sheets are held together by the aluminum hydroxyl units fitted into position so that each aluminum is surrounded by 4 oxygens an d 2 hydroxyl

montmorillonite

also known as hydromica like montromillite but exception that k ions occupy the position of water between lattice layers is a clay size muscoite

illite

an aggreagte of sharply angular grains

grit

aggregate of well rounded grains

arenite

a quartzose sandstone consisting of angular grains cemented with authigenic siliceous materials

grannister

consists of interlocking crystals so molded to each other that there is no visible intergranular porsoity may bae likened to a mosaic and is referred as

crystalline granular

partial recrystallization of the original precipitate is induced by increased temperature adn pressure resulting from deep burial resulting rtexture of these rocks may display

crystalloblastic texture

preserved from a previous condition of a rock as in a recrystallized rock wc still retains in wc the original fragmental charac is in [art preserved

relic fabric

result of solution on some buried surface along ec soluble material is removed

stylolites

particles are clay size or colloid siez non crystalline massive chert lime mud amorphous limestone

amorphous5-

size of oolitic

0.25-2.0mm

fine equigranular

saccharoidal

indiv layer of rock 1cm or greater in thickness separated from strar above and below by a distinct change in lithology or physical break

stratum

less than 1cm in thickness

lamina

found in widespread and thinner sandstones and is indicative of shallow water conditions of deposition

current bedding

angle of repose of sand is greater in?

air than inw ater

lower bounding surfaces of sets are noerosional surfaces

simple cross stratification

lower bouding surfaces of sets are planar surfaces of erosion

planar cross stratifivatcationthe lower bounding surfaces of sets are curved surfaces of erosion trough cross stratification

take place at angles of less than 5 degrees

slumping

present in or at the surface or some nodules and chert beds but are abundant in limestones and dolomites

stylolites

refers to rounded bodies of inorganic origin consisting of silica calcite sulfide variety of other minerlas

concretion more resitant o weathering thean their closing rocks

are concretions of shaly compostion charac by the presence of irregular internal tension crcks as a result o dehydration of material in a colloidal state

septarians

type of shear structure produce d by the development of irregular cone shaped columns

cone in conehollow spherical bodies typically lined with inwardly projecting qtz and other crystals found in limestone and other sediments and appear to have grown by expansiongeodes

have a ratio of width to thickness greater than 1000

blankets

ratio 50:1 and 1000:1

tabular

ratio width to 5:1 and 50:1

prismsratio of width thickness5:1 and as small as 1:1

anemoclastic

wind blown

autoclastic

glacial tills and tectonic breccias

atmoclastic

residual deposits

what are the 3 sedimentary facies?

facies of the stable continentlas shelves and platforms charac by mature sandstones and limestones facies of the geosynclinal belts represented by graywackes post orogenic facis accumulated arkoses

corresponsing to geosynclinal graywacke facies

flysch

corresponding to the postorogenic arkosic faices

mollaseswhere does basal conglomerate and fanconglomerate belongs to?

what are miscellaneous

laterite terra rossa bauxite geyserite silcretee calcrete travertine tufa dripstone or cave onyx stalactite stalagmite column

developed on the planes of low angle thrust fauls

mylonite breccias

what are the accessory minerals of quartzose sandstones

tourmaline, garnet, zircon, and rutile

authigenic minerla in many marine sandstone eseentially a hydrous silicate of iron and potassium mineral and occurs as clastic green pellets sorted with quartz grains

glauconiteglauconite-quartz sandsotne

form 45% of all sandstones

grayeacke and subgraywacke

rewpresent wached graywacke and other charac are coal basin

subgraywacke

wahat does the arkose reuires in depostion?

high relief and vigorous erosion of granitic and other feldspathic rocks and rarkoses are consequently continental or neritic depostis formed in an oxidizing environment in proximity

charac by graded characted absence of chemical cement mineralogical and textural immaturity assoc with bedded chert and pillowed lavas and general confinement to geosynclinal troughs

graywackes

lamianted cross bedded and fairly well sorted derived mainly from sedimentary and low grade metamorphic terrances accumulate along with coal beds on flood plains or indeltas in the coastal plains or in closely assoc marine environmentsparalian sedimentation

subgraywackes

old teutonic word used for lamianted clayey rocks and are laminated and thinly bedded fine grained clastic rocks containing silt and clay including many particles less than 1 or 2 microns in diamter

shale

50% silt, 35% clay minerals and 15% chemical and authigenic materials

shale

increasing content of siliceous or calcareous matter decreases the

fissility of a shale

shales in organic matter are

fissile

composed of mainly clear rounded detrital quartz grains or amorphous silica sin silt size

siliceous shale

charac by feldspar content greater than 105 in the silt size and subangular to rounded quartz grains in common

arkosic shale

consists of a variety of silty minerals feldpsar is usually abundant in the silt and may exceed quartz

chloritic shale

mixed type of shale

marls and calcareous mudstone

smarl richer in clay may be beter called

calcareous shaledand amrls having less than25% clay are argillaceous limestones

high content of silica since the average has 58% silica only presence of amorphous silica or volcanic glass

siliceous shales

formed in shallow marine water in wc reducing conditions prevail and oragnic matter takes part of the formation

black shales

mg of mafic igneous rocks remains in the waethering zone and hthe clay produced is illite may form

montmorillonite

rock is leached mg is rmremoved and reh weathering will be chloritic mica appears to develop here

kaolinite

abundance of mica chlorite and lcay

silstone

mixtures of lime carbonate and lcya of marl

marlites or marlstones

lessfissile than shale genrally have a gray to bluish gray color marked by a blocky subconchoidal fracture

marlstones

argillaceous sediments pass into

silicaous shales or porcelanites and chert

time of widespread cylic depostion on a penplaned surface

peneplanation stage

charac by depostion during subsidence interrupted by buckling and marginal upwardping wc shift earlier sedimetns to new areas in the geosyncline

geosynclinal stage

where are red soils formed?

temperatures 60 and annual rainfall above 40 in

restricted extent

buohermal limestonesextended character

limestonesextended character

biostromal

reel limestone form an important tpye of oragnice limestone are mound shaped structures formed under condtions of prolific life or restricted extenr porouse massive dolomite grade into better stratified biocalstic

bioherms

massive core of a bioherm remains as a prominent knob or hill

klint

authoctonous limestones are of extended charac or essentially thin sheets of relatively unbroken organic material mostly stratiform and interbedded with other kinds of shales amrls limestones or sadnstones

biostromes

well sorted clastic limestone contaiing 50% or more sand sized carbonate detritus

calcarenite

fossil debris predominates rock is termed a

microcoquina

calcarenites consist largely of sand grains or lithic fragments the rock is

lithic arenite

containe secondary calcite veinlets and solution cavities difficulat to decide wherther clastic or biochemical processes

normal marine limestones

aphanitic to finely crystalline remarklaby uniform aphanitic texture

lithographic limestone

usually thin dark siliceous types rare;y thick normal or fossiliferous marine types

geosynclinal limestones

dolomitic limestones

pseudobreccias

how many percent is the french chalk

90-98% cabonate

how much percent is the kansas chlak carbonatae content?

94%

best known chlak age

cretaceous age L.cretacus fr. creta chalkwhere is that exposed in cliffs onb both sides

calareous sinter precipitaed of calcite as teh result of evaporating of springs streams and ground water dense and thinly and crinkly banded

travertine and tufa travertine ng last part then tufa is porous to cellular containing platremains and impressions

calcitic crust produced on or near groun surface of some semiarid arregions by evaporation of ground water drawn upward under capillary action

caliche

occurs as unifromly bedded deposits with mosaics of interlocking anhedral grains or with large well shaped crystals thath are set in mosaic of fine grained base

anhydriteaggregates occur in uneven masses or in beds with distubed bedding owing to expansion during jhydration

light colored porous aggregate consisting chiefly of fine grained silica residue of partly silicated carbonate rocks from wc the carboante was leached

tripoli

very tough even grained chert consisting of cryptocrystalline and microgranular quartz

novaculite

term widely applied to impure opaline chert having the texture and luster of unglazed porcelain

porcellanite

minute unicellular aquatic plants wc have bivalved siliceous shells in the shape of boats cresecents discs needles and otther forms

diatomsland plants that secrete small silica

rank of lignite and anthracite respectively

1.15 1.40

10% or more 15% fe2o3 correspoond to 21.3% fe2o3 or 19.4%feo

ferruginous sed rocks

iron silicate rocks

glauconite and chamosite

hydrous potassium-aluminum siilcate containing ferric and ferrous iron and a little magnesium formed by authigenesis and is typical sed mineral forms under slow sedimentation in restricted marine nevironments in reducing conditions

glauconite

a quartzose sediment made up largely of glauconite pleletes

glauconitic sandstone or greensand

iron rich chlorite an sed iron ore consiist of fine grained aggregate of green cryptocrystalline

chamosite chamosite ironstones

ferruginous limestone ec has part of its calcareous structure and fossil fragments replaced by hematite or siderite typical brown or reddish sed rocks

iron carbonate rock

pyrite occurs a s an authigenic mineral in

sapropelic deposits

how much iron does average shale contian?

6.47%

what is sea aturated from?

tricalcium phosphate

sapropelic deposits wiht considerable quantities of inorganic sediments one has organic matter largely of terrestrial origin and composde of carbohydrate cellulosic and ligneous materials and other has organic matter largely of aquatic origin and composed of pores algae and other fatyy waxy resinous materials deposited in the open sea

black shales

carbonaceous shales that distillation yield parafins and olefins known as kerogen organic matter is plant debris such as spores cutivle fragments pollen grains algal renmins an macerated shreds

oil shales

richest oil shales

kerosene oil shale of new south wales of australia bogheads composed of colnies of the alga reinchia australis

contains 50% by weight and more than 70% ovolume of carbonaceous material formed from compaction or induration or variously altered plant remains similar to those of peat deposits

coal

hard black lead grau in color and consists of cuticles spores and substances foremd inw ater less toxic than for vitrain

durain

thin bands in coal charac by bright color and silky luster composed of transulcent attritus consisting of finely divided resistant plant products

clarain

lool like a compressed tocacco

peat

consists of woody mater embedded in decomposed vegetable matter often banded and jointed bec of high moisture content it disintegrates after drying in the air

lignites

ignites readily and burns with a smoky yellow flme

buitumunous coal

special kind of lusterless bituminous coal that breaks with a splintery fracture and is made up of windblown pollen and spores

cannel coal

burns with a short bluish flame

anthracite

thickness of coal

100 ft but range between 2 nd 10 ft and the pittsburgh seam i npennyslvania has an areal extent of 15,000 sq.mi

devevlops under marine submergence and emergence

cyclothems

charac by dominant continental clastic sediments very subordinate marine sediments and thin beds cof coal

piedmont type

ideal cyclothem represents the maximum alternation of submergence and emergence contains equal representation of marin and continental depostis

deltaic type

areas peripherl to the continental platform charac by intense terrestrial alluviation

paralic sedimentaion

include shallow temporary marine embayments in wc chemical or oragnic sediments are predominant over clastics

areas of epicontinteal sedimentaion

how many plant species in the carboniferous coakl beds

kwhat were the plants before?

lycopods ferns and flowering plants with conifers

marked by thick and heterogeneous assemblage of sediments now mainly exposed in the great mountain chains of the world

areas of geosynclinal sedimentation

applies to the broad central part of continents between geosynclinal belts

craton

refer to ovate negative areas within the craton proper and geosynclines

intracratonic

defined as any areally restricted part of a designated stratigraphic unit which exhibits characters significantly differenct from those others opart of the unit

sedimentary facies

charac by low temperature and near absence of oragnic act

glacial environment

what are the deposits laid on desert environments

cobble and pebbles in fanglomerate at the base of steep slopes aeolian sand in dunes and fine grained depostis together with evaporites

confined to topographic depressions that are poorly drained and contain stagnant water inwc vegetable material may accumulate as peat

law moor bogs

present only in cold regions develop in flat or genly rolling terrane vegetation accumulates as a spongy mass saturated with water

high moor bogs

movement of lake waters from bottom to surface a phenomenon known as

overturn assurres a supply of oxygen to the lower lake water and favors development of organic matter

example of deltaic accumulations

cehmung catskil detla devonian of the applacahina region

shore extending from the region of high tide to that of low tide is referred to as

littoral environment

contains a brackish water fauna with plant remains and carbonaceous flakes vertical sequences of lense shaped silt clay organic muds and sands

lagoon shale

reaction between the H and OH ions of water and the elements of a mineral or rock

hydrolysis

what are the elements with low ionic potential that remain in solution during the process of transportaion

Cs, K, Na,,Ca, Mg

concentration is greater than that of pure water at the same temperature solution is said to be with ph scale 10

acidic

what is the pH of most springs ground water and rain water?

nearly neutral and below a ph of 5

water in acid bogs

run below in 2 pH

water in the ocean is on the

alklaine side at 8 in pH

water in alkaline lakes r soils

ph of water in river and saturated solution of co2 and caco3

neutral 7 5.2 8

occurs whrn one of its costituent atoms loses an electron is commonly used to charac those reactions in wc the element oxygen combines or reacts with some other cehmical substance

oxidation

what is the ferric state of a silicate

glauconite

ferrous state as a silicate

chamosite

boundary defined by the presence of a particular mineral on one side and ist absence on the other

geochemical efnce

limestone fence

7.8

early marine diagenesis has been referred to as submarine weathering or

halmyrolysis

refers to a combination of cementation and interlocking of grains by pressure

welding

suggest that solution has occcurred under pressure

stylolitic

minerals that have great mineral persistence stbale and heavy minerals

zircon, rutile, tourmaline and garnet

least stable high temperature

olivine hypersthene dipside and actinolite

what does silication of limestone produces?

chert nodules

replacement of original minerals by various authigenic minerals w/o volume change is a form of low temp

metasomatism

deposits that accumulated in the marine geosyncline or foredeep preceding the main pulse of alpine orogeny termed

flysch facies

coarser deposits laid down in lowlands in front of the alpine range during and after its elevation are called

molasse facies

consist of largely of alternating layers of argillaceous and calcareous sandstone dark silty shale and impure limestone sequnce is thin bedded and sparsely fossiliferous

flysch

includes bboth cintinental and shallow marine deposits consists largely of conglomeratic sandstone and feldspathic to calcareous sandstones sparsely fossiliferous

molasses

what is the order of the normal geosynclinal cycle

euxinic dark shales deep water flysch sands and shales shallow water molasses sands and shales preorogenic clastics and carbonates

in one particular direction one of the most powerful factors influencing the fabric of metamorphic rocks

shearing stress or differential pressure

solution takes place at points of greatest pressure in a crystal with concurrent precipitation at the area of least pressure

rieckes principle

operting equally i all directions largely determined by depth change in volume and results in the formation of granular by depth

confining pressure or hydrostatic pressure

introduction or removal of material is through the media of vapors and gas

pneumatolytic metamorphism but when through liquid quartz feldspathic materia is is injection metamorphism and the production of scapolites in limestones i sude to the pneumatolytic action of chlorides

deformational stress during metamorphism

dynamothermal

meta rock wc originates byt deformation at low temperature of rock prev metamorphosed at high temperature

phyllonite

cahrac by strong shearing stress and generally low temperature conditions

epizone

environment where considerable temperature and probounce directed pressure prevail

mesozone

lower charac by high temperature and pressure bur deforemation lacking

katazone which was extebnded and included the innermost zone of contact aureoles

increasing metamorphic grade

chlorite brown biotite almandine staurolite kyanite sillimanite

stress minerals are those whose fields of stability on a pressure temperature diagram are extended by introduction of nonhydroustatic stress

staurolite and garnet

antistress minerals fields of stability are reduced under similar conditions

andalusite and cordierite feldspathoids

lowest grade of metamorphism only garnet found is

manganese spessartite

formed by thermal metamorphism of magnesian limestone also as a charac mineral of high temperature and deep seated metamorphism

forsterite

ottrelite and often n fanc shped or sheaf like groups in schists of low grade meta

chloritoid

occrus with kyanite often in parallel growths

staurolite

corresponds in its water free part to anorthite along with pumpellyite possibly a hydrated clinozoisite

lawsonite

corresponding iron free zoisite common in rocks of lower stages of regional metamorphism

epidote

found in thermally metamorphosed calcareous rocks

melilite

found in contact zone with garnet found ingthermanlly metamorphosed magnesian limestone

cuspidine and tilleyite

formed very early at low temperature during regional metamorphism presence of this miranl indicates permeation of born by magmatic solutions of gases or points to the inita; adsoption of boron from sea water by parent silica gel precipitated on the sea floor in siliceous rocks or indicates that the boron was trapped in marine muds

tourmaline

tabular in crystal habit cleavable massive to occurs as a contact mienral in crystalline limestones and is often assoc with garnet diopside fribeoyus

wollastonite

occurs as lime and mg rich schistrs of low grade metamorphism

diopside

charac of rocks known as charnockite series

hypersthene

blongs to the brittle mica occurs nin chlorite schists common assoc wihth corundum and is in some cases formed from it

margarite

stronly magnesian or mafic minerals

forsterite serpentine chlorite talc anthophyllite chondrodite tremolite actinolite brucite periclase

stronly calcic minerals

groussularite vesuvianite scapolite wollastonite larnite rankinite merwinire zoisite epidote group

suffix or prefix in nomenclature of met fabrics to distinguish them from superficially metamorphic fabrics to disstinguish from igneous fabrics

blastic

poorly developed in recystallized metamorphic minerals and the fabruc may be

xenobalstic

what are rocks composed of augen

feldsopars or mixtures of felds and qtz granulated gneiss

texture denotes a porphyroblast containing inclusions of ther minerals

poikiloblastic

have been inherited from the porphyritic charac of the parent rock of igneous oigneous origin

blastoporphyritic

relict diabsaic fabric

blastophitic

inherited from the premetamorphic parent rocks

palimpsest or relict textures

generated tbhrust fault cause fusion of mineral particles and a glassy texture appears

flinty rock and pseudotachylite

abundant in hornfels and arranged in waht is knowas aas decusfelses fabric

biortite

mica and chlorite flakes develope incipient foliation

granoblastic fabric

developed largely in rocks with granoblastic minerals suchaas qtz feldspar pyroxene garnet calcite dolomite all of wc are equidimensional

granulose

what are the porphyroblasts that are not magmatic in origin

garnet staurolite plag and biotite

results from parallelism or subparaleleism of tabular flasky and linear minerals

foliation

fabriscs odmiated by prismatic and tabular

nematoblastic and lepidoblastic

due to the injection of granitic material into the folia of such metamorphic rocks as amphibolites and schists

banding

very high temperature low pressure occurence as xenoliths in volcanic rocks indicates pyrometamorphic conditions or as hornfelses in contact with volcanic necks critical minerlas are sanidine tridymite pigoenite usual lime silklicates such as larnite cas2sio4 rankinite and merwinitee

sanidinite faices

high temperaure moderate pressure pyroxene hornefels formed at shallow depth by contact meta

pyrocxene hornfels

most abundant regionally metamorphose hornblende plag combi high temp limit marked by the presence of diopside and hypersthene in place of hornblende low temp limit sis indicated by plag compo the less the anorthite compo of plag the lower the grade

amphibolite facies

moderate temp and pressure rocks formed at regional quartz albite epidote hornblende anorhtite converted to zoisite and epidote albite predominatn plag intermmediate between greenschistt and amphibolite

albite epidote amphibolite facies

muscovite chlorite qtz and albite epidote qtz

greenschist facies

basence of hydorus minerasl indicate dry envi hypersthene almandine qtz orthoclase plag sillimanite kyanite hydorus biotite hornblende wollastonie grossulalite

granulite facies

charac by omphacite intermediate of pyroxene between dipside and jadeite garnets such as pyrope almandine and rutile

eclogite

firmly indurated and are so similar to shales that field study is necessary

arigillites

developed largely in trocks composed of equidimensional minerals such as qtz felds calcite

granobalstic

foine graiend shicstose show segragation banding shistosity planrse have a satiny luster from the abundant muscovite and chlorite

phylites

even grained granoblastic meta rocks formed not schistose such foliation is present is due to parallel orienttaion of falt lenses composed of qtz felds hyperthene and garnet

granulites

prducts of regional meta aor pluto meta at extreme pressure and high temp confined to precambrian chield areas include hyperthen bearing granitic rocks and related ineredmediagte mafic varieties and eclo is dense composed of mainly omphaicte pyrope almandine ruitlile

charnockite and eclogite

charac by glaucophane crossire pumpellyite and laswonite soda bearing pyroxenes garnet and trutile regarded as metasomatic

glaucophane shisct

load pressure of contact and regiuonalal metamotrphism

100-3k 3k-12k

what are the prefixes used when the metamorphsosed rock is still recognizable from orignal? igneous? sedimentary?

meta ortho para

refers to the crush breccia or conglomerate of lens shaped megascopic particles with relicts of primary feautures

prtomylonite

brecciated micaceous sandstones

schistose grits

fabric is gneissois and primary origin

protclastic gneisses

contraction of phyllite and mylonite are fine grained highly foliated rocks whose fine texture results from the brecciation of coarser grained rocks whose fine texture results from the brecciation of coarser grained rocks and whose foliation in most cases results from closely spaced shear planes

phyllonite

formed by contact metamorphism of argillaceous and similar rocks occur in contact aureoles bordering bodies of plutonic rocks and grade peripherally into less altered rocks known as

hornfels

consists of mosaic of unoriented mineral grians and their texture is termed

hornfelsic

dark massive fine grained rocks consisting of andalusite or cordierite or both

pelitic hornfels

light colored rocks and the texture is charac by a aocmbination of granoblastic and porphyroblastic fabric

calc silicate hornfels

calc silicate are composde of lime bearings silicates such as

calcic plag, calcite, vesuvianite, owollastonite, scapolite, and epidote group

chemically equivalents of hornfels but appear in the outer parts of aureoles developed in slates phyllites and hornfels

spotted slates and spotted hornfels

is a special kind of low grade micaceous quartzite that is flexible in thin slabs

itacolumite

with the more introduction of fedspar quartzite may grade into

granitic gneiss

micaceous quartzite may grade into coarse grained thick bedded

conglomeratic varieties

what is the other term for serpentine marbles

ophicalcite wherein large xenoblastic grains of calcite are set in a matrix of serpentine pseudomorphs after forsterite other ophilcalcite contain conspicuous and numerous thin concentric shells of alternating serpentine and calcite

used to be referred to the coarse grained iron silicates masses occurring as well defined zones at the junction between marbles and plutonic rocks

skarns

applied to a rock composed of ore mienral and silicates and formed by thermal meta of carbonate rocks tend to be xenoblatic and coarse grained

tactites

where i sslate represented in the greenschist facies of chlorite zone?

zone of regional metamorphism

in phyllites are noticeable and they impart a satiny luster to the surface of schistosity

micas and chlorite

formed by low grade regional metamorphism of argillaceous rocks includede in the chlorite zone of regional metamorphism and are formed under the metamorphic environmetns of greenschists facies

phyllites

3 mineralogical types of phyllies

sericite phyllites chlorite phyllites sericite chlorite phyllites

initial stages of metamorphism are expressed by granualtion of mienrals in parent rocks forming

semischist

formed by low grade mtp medium grade regional metamorphism of pelitic sediments schistose rockse

muscovite schists

green chromian muscovite

fuchsite

formed by regional metamorphism from pellitic sedimetns such as claystone shales and argillites of varying compostion

biotite schists

derived from impure carbonate rocks by regional meta

calc schists

examples of ferruginous rocks

jaspilites hematitre schists

quartz is not coated and coarse grained the rocks are called

hematite or specularite schists or hematite quartzite

commonly banded but may have a fragmental texture banding is very fine to coarse or even crenulated

jaspilites

refers to hydrouos iron silicate rocks containing fine grained qtz chert greenalite minnesotaite stilpnomelane banded or very finely laminated

taconite

special kind of bvanded specularite quartzite

brazil itabirites

schists derived from rfrom mfrom igenous rocks tend to berich in

lawsonite and glaucophane

markedly foliated although rthe regularty of the foliation tends to be interrupted by the presence of large porphyroblasts

pelitic schists

usually medium to coarse grained and crudely foliated show banding with bio coarse grained that they may be aprop termed gneisses

cordierite bearing schists

contain 5-10% of graphite qand is formed by the medium to high grade regional metamorphism of carbonaceous pelitic sedimetns such as black shales and organic shales

graphitic schists

refers to coarse grained garnet rich qtz plag schists or gneisses

kinzigite

igneous material penetrates and separates the foliated rocks into quartzofeldspathic bands alternating with latyers of mafic minerlas

lit par lit injection

rock of mixed origin has been variously called

injection gneiss permeation gneiss composite gneiss migmatite

great uniformity with the horblendic bands and less unifromity

orthoamphibolite para amphibolite represent mafic tuffaceous sediments dolomitic graywackes and dolomitic shales

paraamphibolite vs orthoamphibolite

well structura;;y cponfromable sheets and alyers while plug shaped bodies lacking mineral orientation are probably for ortho

quartzofeldspathic or pyrocene bearing

granulite

hypersthen granite hypersthene qtz felds rock crystallizedunder deep seated metamorphism of qtzofeldspathic rocks represent a series of tight isoclinal folds or lenses plunging gently to the foliation of the anorthosites

charnockite

considered cyntectonic lenses

norite and related pyroxenirtic layers

rock c0omposed of a grass green pyroxene called omphacite and pink garnets which ais considered as member of jadeite and diopside

eclogite

otherm term for injection granites

arterites

less recrystallized argillaceous rocks deveopled in the outer parts of contact aureoles are known

spotted shales wherein spotted by micaceous chloritic patches or cordierite and andalusite porphyroblasts

mica family and humnite group

zinnwaldite nordbergite

colloidal decompostion products

hydrous aluminum sikicates ironnoxides and sikca

thermal meta of various types of argillaceous produces

hornfelswhat are the

minerals stable in contact metamorphism

andalusite cordierite anorthite hypersthene diopside grossularite wollastonite

new crystalloblasts independent of a primary seee crystal are caled

holoblasts

cyrstal aggregates have grown in solid rock during metamorphism represent true concretions may attain impressive dimensions and constitute actual rock masses

petroblasts

how many percent is the salinity in oceans

35%

how many percent is the salinity in oceans

35%

principal elemenst contriburte the salinity

chlorine 55% sodium 31%

surface cureents are parts of huge slowly moving loops of water that are centered in the subtropics of ecach ocean basin

gyres

how much air pressure in sea level

1kg or 14.6 pounds and the standartd sea level is 1013.2 millibars

subtropical high

25 to 35 degrees

subpolar low situated at 50-60 degrees

tropical cyclone speeds

excess 119 km 74 miles/hr

used mean and konthly and annual values of temperature and precipitation

koppe classification

winterless with all months having mean temperature above 18 C

humid tropical climates

lie near the equator high temperature enough rainfall to support the most lucuriant vegetation

wet tropical climates Af and Aw

found in poleward of the wet tropics and equatorward of the subtropical deserys seasonal character of rainfall

tropical wet and dry climates Aw

occur where the average temp of the coldest month is below 18 but above -3 C

middle latitude climates

situated north of the humid continental climates and south of the plar tundras

subartic climates

how kuch did earth warmed

0.8 pr 1.4 F

in the future what is the lredicted temp of earth

2-4.5 C 3.6-8.1 F

orbit of planet os a result of a planets inertia and suns gravitational attraction bends the pmaneys path into an elliptical orbit

isaac newton

point in the sky where the sun crosses the celestial equator at the onset spring

vernal equinox

angular distance measured eastward from the position of the vernal equinox

right ascension

time interval from one noon the time of the day when the sun is hughest in the sky to the next 24 hrs

mean solar day

time it takes for earth to make one complete rotation with respect to a star othern than the sun a period of 23 hrs 56 minutes and 4 sexonds

sidereal day

cycle of the moon through phases requires 28"9 and 1/2 days

synodic month

true periodo f koon os 271/2

sidereal month

density kf the moon same as earths mabtle

3.3

light coloredunar highlands relatively old anorthosite breccia

terrae

darker lowlands doninaed vy you ger flood basalts

maria

tem of mercury day and nigh

-173 and 427C

planet fominated by co2 and the temp is?

venus 450C

active volcnaism and an icy shell in jipiter moons

Io europa

made up particle sof water ice and rocky debric

saturns ring

four times gretar the earts fuve moons and thin ring systmes blue atmosphere is doninated hy methane

uranus

spherical shell aroungd the otherwise planar disc of the solar system

oort cloud

group of land masses that apparently originated from sub equatorial regions to its present position with the rotation and sorrading of the PH Sea Pkate during eocene to miocene times

philippine mobile belt

group of land masses that apparently originated from sub equatorial regions to its present position with the rotation and sorrading of the PH Sea Pkate during eocene to miocene times

philippine mobile belt

alloy of horon and iron to make magents

neodymium

a series of overlapping rock slices separated by steeply inclined subparallel reverse faults and bounded above and below by major low-angle thrust surfaces

imbricate structures

dense, compact, slowly permeable layer in the subsoil.[1] It has a much higher clay content than the overlying material, from which it is separated by a sharply defined boundary. The dense structure restricts root growth and water infiltration. Therefore, a perched water table might form on top of the claypan.[2]

claypan