Practical Lab 1

Question 1

What are the three domains of life?

Answer 1

Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya

Question 2

Organisms making up Domain Archaea and Domain Bacteria are all?

Answer 2

prokaryotic

Question 3

Where do representatives of the Domain Archaea live?

Answer 3

Earths extreme locations, like salty lakes and boiling hot springs

Question 4

All eukaryotic are grouped with what domain?

Answer 4

Domain Eukarya

Question 5

What is the part of a prokaryotic cell that contains DNA, RNA, proteins and enzymes?

Answer 5

Nucleoid region

Question 6

In addition to this single chromosome, a typical bacterial cell may also have smaller rings of separately replicating DNA called

Answer 6

plasmids

Question 7

the cellular machinery in bacteria that synthesizes proteins

Answer 7

ribosomes

Question 8

Most bacterial cell walls contain —————— which is a network of sugar polymers cross linked by short polypeptides.

Answer 8

peptidoglycan

Question 9

Bacteria reproduce by the process of?

Answer 9

binary fission

Question 10

binary fission is a form of what kind of reproduction?

Answer 10

asexual reproduction

Question 11

Most bacteria live as ——————, which means they derive their energy from organic molecules made by other organisms.

Answer 11

heterotrophs

Question 12

Many heterotrophic bacteria are important in the ecosystem as —————, because they feed on dead organic matter and release nutrients locked in dead tissues.

Answer 12

decomposers

Question 13

Other heterotrophs in bacteria are parasites, often referred to as —————. They cause many diseases of plants and animals, including humans.

Answer 13

pathogens

Question 14

other heterotrophic bacteria live as mutualistic —————. They form partnerships with other organisms in which both benefit.

Answer 14

symbionts

Question 15

Microscopic examination of bacterial cells reveals most bacteria can be classified into three basic shapes…

Answer 15

bacilli (rods), cocci (spheres), and spirilla (spirals or corkscrews)

Question 16

Using a technique called gram stain, scientists can classify bacteria into two groups based on differences in cell walls composition. ——————— have walls with relatively large amounts of peptidoglycan. ———————— have less peptidoglycan in their cell walls.

Answer 16

Gram positive bacteria
Gram negative bacteria

Question 17

Gram positive bacteria appear what colour under the microscope? What about negative?

Answer 17

violet, pink/red

Question 18

——————— are commonly known as blue-green algae.

Answer 18

cyanobacteria

Question 19

Cyanobacteria are ————————, which means they derive their energy from photosynthesis or oxidation of inorganic molecules.

Answer 19

autotrophic

Question 20

a number of cyanobacteria produce specialized, nitrogen-fixing cells called ——————

Answer 20

heterocysts

Question 21

Gloeocapsa sp. which is a very common colonial blue-green algae, produces a thick ————.

Answer 21

gelatinous sheath

Question 22

for our purposes in the lab, the protists will be divided into three groups…

Answer 22

the algae, the protozoa, and fungal like protists

Question 23

some euglenozoans (unicellular flagellates) have a flexible layer of protein bands (located beneath the plasma membrane) called a —————— rather than a cell wall. it allows their body shape to change as they swim.

Answer 23

pellicle

Question 24

many species of euglenozoans are ———————, which means that in sunlight they are autotrophic, but when sunlight is not available they can become heterotrophic and absorb organic nutrients from their environment.

Answer 24

mixotrophs

Question 25

Diatoms are a unicellular algae that have a unique glass like wall perforated by a delicate lacework of holes and grooves. this wall is made of ——————.

Answer 25

silica

Question 26

within the green algae, three basic morphological types will be discussed…

Answer 26

unicellular, colonial, and filamentous

Question 27

Many colonial forms of algae have small cells which secrete —————, this is less dense than water and aids in buoyancy.

Answer 27

mucilage

Question 28

an organism that lives on or inside another organism, called the host and harms it in the process

Answer 28

parasite

Question 29

a parasitic organism has a single, large mitochondrion that contains an organized mass of DNA called a ———————.

Answer 29

kinetoplast

Question 30

The amoeboid protozoa possess flowing extensions of the body called —————, which are temporary projections of the cytoplasm that are used to engulf food and serve as locomotory structures.

Answer 30

pseudopodia

Question 31

Ciliated protozoans have large numbers of ————— that are used in movement and/or feeding

Answer 31

cilia

Question 32

like many protozoans, they reproduce asexually by binary or ————— ————, which is the division of an organism into two.

Answer 32

transverse fission

Question 33

plasmodial slime molds stream along the damp forest floor in a mass of brightly coloured cytoplasm called a —————

Answer 33

plasmodium

Question 34

The plasmodium contains many diploid nuclei, but is not divided by cell walls. It is therefore referred to as —————-, multinucleate (it is NOT multicellular)

Answer 34

coenocytic

Question 35

The water molds are principally aquatic, inhabiting fresh waters. They are decomposers that grow as a cottony mass on dead algae and animals. Some are weak parasites. They have profusely branched coenocytic —————— which form colonies around decaying organic material in water.

Answer 35

hypae (slender filaments of cytoplasm and nuclei)

Question 36

what is gametangia?

Answer 36

gamete producing structures

Question 37

What is oogonia?

Answer 37

female germ cells in the ovaries that develop into eggs

Question 38

What are antheridia?

Answer 38

male reproductive organs in non-flowering plants, such as ferns and mosses. They produce and store sperm cells until they are needed for reproduction.

Question 39

In mating, antheridia grow toward the oogonia and develop tubular processes called ——————, which penetrate the oogonia

Answer 39

fertilization tubes

Question 40

The oogonia are enlarged cells, in which a number of spherical eggs (———————) are produced

Answer 40

oospheres

Question 41

Following each nuclear fusion, a thick-walled zygote, called the ——————, is produced.

Answer 41

oospores

Question 42

The ——————————cover the surface of the leaves and stems of the infected plants, giving them a downy appearance, from which this group gets its common name.

Answer 42

sporangiophores

Question 43

The mycelia feed on living cells by the use of ——————— (literally "one who drinks"). They penetrate the living host’s cells, absorb nutrients, and pass them to the growing hyphae

Answer 43

haustoria

Question 44

about four-fifths of all land plants form associations between their roots and fungi called ————————. This increases the absorptive surfaces of the plant roots and aid in mineral exchange between the soil and the plant. These associations play a critical role in plant nutrition and distribution

Answer 44

mycorrhizae

Question 45

A mass of hyphae make up an individual organism, and is collectively called a —————.

Answer 45

mycelium

Question 46

Fungi feed on many types of substrates. Most fungi obtain food from dead organic matter and are called ———————.

Answer 46

saprophytes

Question 47

Hyphae of some species of fungi have cross walls called ————— that separate cytoplasm and nuclei into cells.

Answer 47

septa

Question 48

The cell walls of fungi are made of —————, the same polysaccharide that comprises the exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans

Answer 48

chitin

Question 49

Fungi commonly reproduce asexually by mitotic production of haploid vegetative cells called ————— in sporangia, and —————— on conidiophores. Spores are microscopic and surrounded by a covering well suited for the rigors of distribution into the environment.

Answer 49

spores, conidia

Question 50

—————— is mitosis with an uneven distribution of cytoplasm and is common in yeasts. After, the cell with the lesser amount of cytoplasm eventually detaches and matures into a new organism.

Answer 50

budding

Question 51

——————— is the breaking of an organism into one or umore pieces, each of which can develop into a new individual.

Answer 51

fragmentation

Question 52

During fertilization the initial union of the cytoplasm of two parent mycelia (gametes) is known as ———————.

Answer 52

plasmogamy

Question 53

The union of two haploid nuclei contributed by two gametes is known as ——————.

Answer 53

karyogamy

Question 54

a cell with two seperate haploid nuclei

Answer 54

dikaryotic

Question 55

What are the 3 phyla of fungi?

Answer 55

zygomycota, ascomycota, and basidiomycota

Question 56

The term "Zygomycota" refers to the chief characteristic of the division; the production of sexual resting spores called ———————.

Answer 56

zygospores

Question 57

In fungi, ————— are horizontal hyphae that spread the species and allow the fungus to reproduce asexually

Answer 57

stolons

Question 58

The stolons form ————— wherever their tips come in contact with the substrate

Answer 58

rhizoids

Question 59

Basidiomycota produce no asexual spores at all. The only spores they produce are the sexual ——————— produced by meiosis.

Answer 59

basidiospores