Practical Lab 2

Question 1

Terrestrial plants have descended from a group of green algae called the ——————.

Answer 1

Charophytes

Question 2

The life cycle of plants, which alternates between two phases: the gametophyte and the sporophyte

Answer 2

Alternation of generations

Question 3

A ———— ———- ————- is a haploid phase in the life cycle of plants and algae that undergo alternation of generations. It is a sexual phase of the life cycle, where there gametophyte produces haploid gametes such as eggs and sperm.

Answer 3

Multicellular haploid gametophyte

Question 4

A plant or algae stage in its life cycle that produces spores and is diploid.

Answer 4

Multicellular diploid sporophytes

Question 5

Egg producing gametangia are known as ————.

Answer 5

Archegonia

Question 6

Sperm producing gametangia are known as —————.

Answer 6

Antheridia

Question 7

———— refers to the ability to produce the greatest number of offspring that live to reproduce themselves.

Answer 7

Fitness

Question 8

In the ————, the dominant generation in the life cycle is the haploid gametophyte.

Answer 8

Mosses

Question 9

In the ————, the dominant generation becomes the diploid sporophyte.

Answer 9

Ferns

Question 10

In the ———— ————, the male and female gametophytes have been reduced down to one cell and two nuclei in the male gametophytes, and a 7 celled, 8 nucleate female gametophyte.

Answer 10

Flowering plants

Question 11

The ————— generation is ———— in nonvascular plants, like bryophytes, which include mosses, liverworts and hornworts.

Answer 11

Gametophyte, dominant

Question 12

A ————— is a thread-like chain of cells that is the first stage of development in the life cycle of mosses.

Answer 12

Protonema

Question 13

During —————, any part of the gametophyte plant is capable of regenerating the protonemal phase followed by a mature gametophyte. It is a form of asexual reproduction.

Answer 13

Fragmentation

Question 14

A haploid plant cell that produces gametes, such as eggs or sperm, by mitosis.

Answer 14

Mature gametophyte

Question 15

Male gametangium are called ————.

Answer 15

Antheridium

Question 16

Female gametangium are called —————.

Answer 16

Archegonium

Question 17

A multicellular, diploid stage in the life cycle of a plant or algae that produces asexual spores.

Answer 17

Sporophyte

Question 18

The point where the sporophyte is attached is called the ————.

Answer 18

Foot

Question 19

The long stalk or ——— of the sporophyte. Serves as aid in wind dispersal by elevating the spore-bearing structure above the clump of mosses.

Answer 19

Seta

Question 20

Mosses have a ————, where the sporangia are housed.

Answer 20

Capsule

Question 21

In a capsule, the ————— provides a protective cover to the spore-producing region until the spores are mature. At this time this part of the capsule will fall off and the spores will escape.

Answer 21

Operculum

Question 22

Asexual reproduction occurs through extensively spreading and branching ———— (underground stems)

Answer 22

Rhizomes

Question 23

The gametophyte of ferns and other primitive plants.

Answer 23

Prothallus

Question 24

A structure in certain plants and other organisms that is charged with making and storing spores.

Answer 24

Sporangium

Question 25

The brown capsules on sporangium are known as ————.

Answer 25

Sori

Question 26

A ring like structure, or any body part that is shaped like a ring.

Answer 26

Annulus

Question 27

Spores that are produced by meiosis are called —————.

Answer 27

Meiospores

Question 28

———— are modified rhizomes. They are formed in plants such as Irish potatoes.

Answer 28

Tubers

Question 29

————— are horizontally growing stems that produce few, if any leaves. These plants will produce roots down into the soil and new above ground shoots instead. (Ex strawberry plants)

Answer 29

Runners (stolons)

Question 30

A ———— is a point on the stem where new growth emerges, such as leaves, branches or flowers. Important for pruning and propagating plants.

Answer 30

Node

Question 31

A few seed plants such as duckweed and Mother of Thousands plant produce miniature plants on the margin of their leaves. These drop off and develop into mature plants.

Answer 31

Plantlets

Question 32

Each ———— has a very short stem which is surrounded by fleshy leaves. Examples are onions, chives and lilies.

Answer 32

Bulb

Question 33

These are similar to bulbs except that there are no storage leaves. The nutrients are stored in the swollen stem.

Answer 33

Corms

Question 34

Flowers are generally composed of the male and female reproductive structures surrounded by attractive or protective leaf like structures collectively known as the —————.

Answer 34

Perianth

Question 35

The flower functions to protect the developing gametes and to ensure gamete transfer by ——————.

Answer 35

Pollination

Question 36

The male reproductive structure of a flower is ——————.

Answer 36

Stamen

Question 37

The female reproductive structure of a flower is the —————.

Answer 37

Carpel (pistil)

Question 38

There are two types of sporangia in flowering plants, the males are called ——————, and the females are called ——————.

Answer 38

Microsporangium, megasporangium.

Question 39

In flowers, the ————— develop first and are leaf like structures. They provide protection for the delicate internal structures and a small amount of food through photosynthesis for the remainder of the floral parts.

Answer 39

Sepals

Question 40

Inside the sepals are the ————. Frequently brightly coloured and are also designed for protection. They attract pollinators.

Answer 40

Petals

Question 41

The ——— are leaves modified for the production of microsporangia.

Answer 41

Stamens

Question 42

The ————— is made up of one or more microsporangia and it is the site of the production of pollen grains. Each stamen consists of one of these.

Answer 42

Anther

Question 43

Each stamen on a lily consists of an anther suspended on a —————.

Answer 43

Filaments

Question 44

———— ———— are single cells that contain 2 male gametes. These are released by plants as part of their reproduction cycle.

Answer 44

Pollen grains

Question 45

The ———— ———— in a flower are found in pollen grains

Answer 45

Male gametes

Question 46

A carpel is a leaf which has been modified to produce ————.

Answer 46

Ovules

Question 47

A ————, is a sticky surface designed to receive pollen grains.

Answer 47

Stigma

Question 48

The slender stalk through which pollen tubes grow is called the ————.

Answer 48

Style

Question 49

The ———— is the part of a flower that contains ovules, which develop into seeds.

Answer 49

Ovary

Question 50

————— are diploid cells in plants that undergo meiosis to produce micro spores.

Answer 50

Microsporocytes

Question 51

————— are spores that develop into male gametophytes in vascular plants.

Answer 51

Microspores

Question 52

The ————— ————— is a haploid nucleus in the pollen grain that divides to create sperm cells.

Answer 52

Generative nucleus

Question 53

The ——— ———— is a nucleus in a pollen grain that controls the growth of the pollen tube.

Answer 53

Tube nucleus

Question 54

A ———— ——— is a tube-shaped structure that transports sperm cells from pollen grains to the ovary of a flowering plant.

Answer 54

Pollen tube

Question 55

———— ———— are the reproductive nuclei of pollen grains that are released into the ovule to fertilize the egg.

Answer 55

Sperm nuclei

Question 56

A mature ———— ———— is a three nucleated structure that contains two sperm cells

Answer 56

Male gametophyte

Question 57

The ———— ——— is a reproductive structure in flowering plants that contains the egg cells.

Answer 57

Embryo sac

Question 58

A —————— is a diploid cell in plants that produce haploid mega spores through meiosis.

Answer 58

Megasporocyte

Question 59

—————— are large spores that develop into female gametophytes which produce egg cells.

Answer 59

Megaspores

Question 60

A mature ————— ————— is an 8 nucleated, seven-called structure that develops into the ovule of a flowering plant.

Answer 60

Female gametophyte

Question 61

————— ———— are a group of three haploid cells in the embryo sac of a flowering plant. They provide nourishment for the egg cells.

Answer 61

Antipodal cells

Question 62

————— cells are specialized cells in flowering plants that help guide pollen tubes to the egg cell.

Answer 62

Synergid

Question 63

———— ——— are haploid nuclei in the centre of a flowering plants embryo sac that fuse with a sperm cell to form the endosperm.

Answer 63

Polar nuclei

Question 64

One sperm nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus to form a —————.

Answer 64

Zygote

Question 65

Sperm nucleus fuses with two polar nuclei to form a triploid (3n) ————— —————.

Answer 65

Endosperm nucleus

Question 66

———— ————- is a process that occurs in flowering plants, where two sperm cells from a pollen tube fuse with cells in the embryo sac to create an embryo and endosperm.

Answer 66

Double fertilization

Question 67

The ovule with a zygote is now termed a ————.

Answer 67

Seed

Question 68

The seed development consists of a conversion of the integument of the ovule into a resistant ——— ————.

Answer 68

Seed coat.

Question 69

The —————— is a tissue in the seeds of flowering plants that provides nutrients for the embryo and stores food reserves

Answer 69

Endosperm

Question 70

An ———— in a seed is a fertilized ovule that develops into a new plant under the right conditions. It is surrounded by endosperm which provide nutrients and a seed coat.

Answer 70

Embryo

Question 71

————— are the embryonic leaves that form within the seed, acting as a vital source of nutrition for the developing plant embryo.

Answer 71

Cotyledon

Question 72

The primary root, or the ————, is the first organ to appear when a seed germinates. It grows downward into the soil, anchoring the seedling.

Answer 72

Radicle

Question 73

The ————— is the part of a seed that emerges first when a seed when a seed is planted and grows into the stem of the plant.

Answer 73

Hypocotyl

Question 74

On a seed, the part attached to the cotyledons is termed the —————. This part will eventually develop into the above ground structures of the plant (stem, leaves, flowers)

Answer 74

Epicotyl