Tutorial Lab 1

Question 1

the science of naming, describing, and classifying the organisms into similar groups

Answer 1

Taxonomy

Question 2

refers to a group of organisms that share certain characteristics.

Answer 2

Taxa

Question 3

the highest taxonomic rank in the hierarchical biological classification system, above the kingdom level

Answer 3

Domain

Question 4

a population or group of populations whose
members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring,
but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such group

Answer 4

Biological species

Question 5

Bacteria from the Rhizobium Genus can transform atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into
compounds that plants, and eventually other organisms, can use. These compounds
include ammonia, nitrate, and nitrite. This process is called ———————— and the
only organisms on earth that can carry out this biochemistry are certain prokaryotes

Answer 5

Nitrogen fixation

Question 6

The enzymes involved in this nitrogen fixation process are collectively
referred to as ————————. These enzymes are very sensitive to oxygen. Oxygen
appears to inactivate these enzymes and shut down the nitrogen fixation processes

Answer 6

Nitrogenases

Question 7

Because of Cyanobacteria’s oxygen sensitivity, many have evolved special cells called ————— that have adaptations to exclude and reduce the oxygen inside them.

Answer 7

Heterocysts

Question 8

The nitrogen-fixing bacteria are commonly known as
“root living” because they live in swellings called ————— along the roots

Answer 8

Nodules

Question 9

—————— involves a host cell engulfing a symbiont cell by phagocytosis. According to the hypothesis, they were not digested but remained within the cytoplasm and carried on performing the abilities it has (benefitted the host cell)

Answer 9

Serial endosymbiosis

Question 10

the gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell

Answer 10

Cytoplasm

Question 11

the cells that are formed after cell division

Answer 11

Daughter cells

Question 12

a type of asexual reproduction where a cell divides into two identical daughter cells

Answer 12

Binary fission

Question 13

a process in which a cell splits into two identical daughter cells

Answer 13

Mitosis

Question 14

a type of cell division that creates sex cells, or gametes, in sexually reproducing organisms

Answer 14

Meiosis

Question 15

a cell or organism has a single set of chromosomes

Answer 15

Haploid

Question 16

a cell or organism has two complete sets of chromosomes

Answer 16

Diploid

Question 17

the series of stages an organism goes through from birth to death

Answer 17

Life cycle

Question 18

The processes of meiosis and fertilization are
the basis of sex, and therefore these life cycles are often referred to as ——— ——— ———.

Answer 18

Sexual life cycles

Question 19

What are the two methods of asexual reproduction utilized by algae?

Answer 19

Daughter colony formation
Sporulation

Question 20

A limited number of colonial algae produce miniature replicates of the colonies, these are termed…

Answer 20

Daughter colonies

Question 21

The process in which any cell of an organism produces on or more reproductive cells inside its cell walls

Answer 21

Sporulation

Question 22

a structure that produces and stores spores in certain organisms, such as plants and fungi

Answer 22

Sporangium

Question 23

a reproductive cell that can develop into a new organism without fusing with another reproductive cell.

Answer 23

Spores

Question 24

a tiny, seed-like cell that propels itself using a long appendage called a flagellum

Answer 24

Zoospores

Question 25

a spore case or sporangium bearing zoospores

Answer 25

Zoosporangia

Question 26

the process when a sperm and egg cell fuse to create a zygote, which then develops into a new organism

Answer 26

Fertilization

Question 27

Fertilization can also be referred to as…

Answer 27

Syngamy

Question 28

—————— is the form of sexual reproduction in which the gametes produced are identical in shape, size, and motility. There is no structural distinction between "male" and "female" gametes, which are known as ————————.

Answer 28

Isogamy, isogametes

Question 29

A specific example exhibiting non-motile isogametes is the reproductive process known as ———————, which occurs in the filamentous green algae

Answer 29

Conjugation

Question 30

When the plasmodium dries into a hard resistant structure, it’s called a ——————— and remains dormant until conditions improve.

Answer 30

Sclerotium

Question 31

plasmodium will produce ——————— (fruiting bodies) which are characteristic of the species

Answer 31

Fructifications

Question 32

What are the two major types of fruiting bodies in plasmodial slime molds?

Answer 32

Sporangia and aethalia

Question 33

Where are sporangia found in slime molds?

Answer 33

Usually borne at the tip of the stalk and can be extremely ornate

Question 34

What are aethalia?

Answer 34

Relatively massive, single chambered structures.

Question 35

When the two mating strains are in close proximity, hormones are produced that cause their hyphal tips to come together and develop into ————————.

Answer 35

Gametangia

Question 36

When gametangia is developed, it becomes separated from the rest of the fungal body by the formation of —————.

Answer 36

Septa

Question 37

the process of fusing the cytoplasm of two cells during sexual reproduction. It's a key step in the sexual reproduction of fungi and other organisms.

Answer 37

Plasmogamy

Question 38

thick-walled reproductive cells produced by some fungi and algae. They are a resting stage in the life cycle of these organisms.

Answer 38

Zygospore

Question 39

Each zygospore has two sets of separate haploid nuclei and is therefore referred to as ———.

Answer 39

Dikaryotic

Question 40

the process of fusing two haploid nuclei to create a diploid nucleus. It's the final step in sexual reproduction and is essential for the creation of new organisms.

Answer 40

Karyogamy

Question 41

An ————— is a sac-like structure that is characteristic of this phylum and distinguishes the Ascomycota from all other fung

Answer 41

Ascus

Question 42

Ascus formation is usually within a complex structure composed of a tightly interwoven hyphal network known as an ———————. Many are macroscopic, and are the only part of these fungi that most people ever see.

Answer 42

Ascocarp

Question 43

What is a apothecium?

Answer 43

a cup-shaped structure in fungi and lichens that produces and releases spores

Question 44

What is a Cleistothecium?

Answer 44

a closed, spherical fruiting structure that contains reproductive structures for some ascomycetes fungi.

Question 45

sexual spores produced by ascomycetes, a type of fungi.

Answer 45

Ascospores

Question 46

Flask shaped with a small pore through which ascospores escape. This is called a —————.

Answer 46

Perithecium

Question 47

The layer of asci is called the —————. This lines to interior of the ascocarp.

Answer 47

Hymenium

Question 48

In the Ascomycota the gametangia produced by the “male” hyphae are called ——————.

Answer 48

Antheridia

Question 49

In the Ascomycota the gametangia produced by the “female” hyphae are called —————.

Answer 49

Ascogonia

Question 50

The apothecium of Morchella sp. has a stalk or stripe and a fertile portion called the —————.

Answer 50

Pileus

Question 51

Sexual reproduction in the Basidiomycota always involves the formation of a —————. It is a sack like structure.

Answer 51

Basidium

Question 52

Basidium formation is usually within a complex structure composed of a tightly interwoven hyphal network known as a —————.

Answer 52

Basidiocarp

Question 53

The basidia are borne in layer on the surface of ———— which, in turn, are produced on the underside of fleshy umbrella-like basidiocarps.

Answer 53

Gills

Question 54

The ————— are forcibly ejected from each basidium

Answer 54

Basidiospores

Question 55

The basidiocarp consists of a stout —————— (stipe) bearing a circular —————— (pileus) from which the —————- (gills) hang down.

Answer 55

Stalk, cap, lamellae

Question 56

The basidia are found covering the surface of gills, or lining the inside of —————.

Answer 56

Pores

Question 57

In the puffballs the mature basidiocarp consists of a papery outer covering with a small opening or ————— on the top. Inside is the mass of spores.

Answer 57

Ostiole

Question 58

You should be aware that as photosynthetic organisms in marine and freshwater habitats, the algae are the ————— —————— of these aquatic food chains

Answer 58

Primary producers

Question 59

If a fungus feeds on dead organic matter, it’s known as a ——————.

Answer 59

Saprophyte

Question 60

If a fungus is in a relationship where there is no benefit to the other organism, the fungus in question is a ——————.

Answer 60

Parasite

Question 61

If the relationship to both the fungus and other organism have benefits, the relationship is considered to be ——————.

Answer 61

Mutualistic

Question 62

The word —————— is derived from the Classical Greek words for ‘mushroom’ and ‘root’

Answer 62

Mycorrhiza