Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSIO 201 > Practice Set 4B > Flashcards

Practice Set 4B Flashcards

1
Q

Which best describes an electrical current?

A

The movement of charged particles like ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which term is used to refer to a cell membrane across which there is a separation of electrical charge, so that one side is more positive and the other side is more negative?

A

Polarized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which term refers to the voltage difference (electrical potential) across the plasma membrane of a neuron when it is at rest and not engaged in electrical signaling?

A

Resting membrane potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

At rest, K+ diffuses out of the cell through leak channels, resulting in a slight local accumulation of positive charge on the outside of the membrane (due to excess K+) and a slight local accumulation of negative charge on the inside of the membrane (due to decreased K+). This describes the basis of the ________ membrane potential.

A

resting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

An electrical potential is a form of what type of energy?

A

Potential energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which term refers to the flow of charged particles from one point to another?

A

Current

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which of the following contributes to the development of the resting membrane potential in neurons?

A

K+ is more concentrated in the ICF than in the ECF.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

True or false: As long as there is an electrical potential across a cell membrane, we say that the membrane is polarized.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which is most likely to be the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

A

-70 mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

At rest, K+ diffuses out of the cell through leak channels in the plasma membrane. Why does K+ diffusion result in a negative membrane potential?

A

It creates a slight local accumulation of K+ on the outside of the membrane relative to the inside.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which best describes an electrical potential?

A

A form of potential energy that can produce current

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which ion has the greatest influence on the resting membrane potential of most neurons?

A

Potassium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which term is used to refer to a cell membrane across which there is a separation of electrical charge, so that one side is more positive and the other side is more negative?

A

Polarized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which term refers to the voltage difference (electrical potential) across the plasma membrane of a neuron when it is at rest and not engaged in electrical signaling?

A

Resting membrane potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Choose all of the following statements that are true about sodium?

A

Na+ is about 12 times as concentrated in the ECF as in the ICF.

The resting plasma membrane is much less permeable to Na+ than to K+.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Choose all statements that are true regarding the Na+-K+ pump.

A

It moves Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell.

It helps maintain the proper ion distribution across the membrane.

It requires the use of ATP.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Choose all that are characteristics of local potentials.

A

Graded

Decremental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

A negative membrane potential indicates which of the following?

A

The inside of the membrane is negatively charged relative to the outside.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why is sodium more concentrated in the ECF than in the ICF of most neurons?

A

Sodium is actively pumped out of the cell by transporter proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Choose all that are true regarding the Na+-K+ pump.

A

It accounts for about 70% of the energy (ATP) required by the nervous system.

It helps maintain the proper ion distribution across the membrane, compensating for ion leakage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which ion has the greatest influence on the resting membrane potential of most neurons?

A

Potassium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which term refers to decremental changes in electrical potential along a dendrite or the soma?

A

Local potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which term refers to the upward change in membrane potential during an action potential?

A

Depolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

A shift in membrane voltage to a value that is more negative than the resting membrane potential is called which of the following?

A

Hyperpolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Choose all that are characteristics of local potentials.

A

Decremental

Graded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Place these events into the order in which they occur during a single action potential.

A

Local potential depolarizes membrane
Threshold is reached
Depolarization
Repolarization
Hyperpolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

During which part of the action potential do most voltage-gated sodium channels open?

A

Depolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

In order for local potentials to trigger an action potential, the membrane must depolarize up to a level called which of the following?

A

Threshold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Which term refers to the period of time after a nerve cell has responded to a stimulus in which it cannot be excited by a threshold stimulus?

A

Refractory period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Resting membrane potential
Depolarization begins
Repolarization begins

A

Both types of voltage-gated channels are closed.
Voltage-gated Na+ channels open; voltage-gated K+ channels open more slowly.
Voltage-gated Na+ channels inactivate; voltage-gated K+ channels remain open longer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The all-or-none law of action potentials states which of the following?

A

A neuron will fire at maximum voltage if a stimulus depolarizes it to threshold.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

After a nerve cell responds to a stimulus, the period of time when the cell can not respond again except to an unusually strong stimulus is called what?

A

Relative refractory period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The refractory period in which no stimulus of any strength will trigger a new action potential is the ______ refractory period.

A

absolute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is a quick, involuntary, stereotyped response to a stimulus is called?

A

Reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

In order for local potentials to trigger an action potential, the membrane must depolarize up to a level called which of the following?

A

Threshold

36
Q

After a nerve cell responds to a stimulus, the period of time when the cell can not respond again, regardless of the strength of stimulus, is called the _____ refractory period.

A

absolute

37
Q

The refractory period in which it is possible to trigger a new action potential, but only with an unusually strong stimulus is the ______ refractory period.

A

relative

38
Q

Choose all that are components of a monosynaptic somatic reflex arc?

A

Receptor in skin, muscle or tendon

Efferent nerve fiber

Skeletal muscle

Afferent nerve fiber

39
Q

Which stimulus causes a muscle to reflexively contract?

A

Increased stretch

40
Q

Which are true regarding the absolute refractory period? Select all that apply.

A

No stimulus of any strength will trigger a new action potential.

It refers only to a small patch of the membrane; other parts of the neuron can still be stimulated while a small area of it is refractory.

It occurs during the depolarization and repolarization phases of the action potential.

41
Q

In which reflex is there a quick contraction of flexor muscles in response to a painful stimulus?

A

Flexor

42
Q

A reflex in which a contralateral extensor muscle is contracted is called a __________ extension reflex.

A

crossed

43
Q

Place the components of a reflex arc in order.

A

Receptor
Afferent nerve fiber
Integration center
Efferent nerve fiber
Effector

44
Q

In response to stretching, a muscle reflexively does which of the following?

A

Contracts

45
Q

A quick contraction of flexor muscles in response to a painful stimulus is called a _______ reflex.

A

flexor

46
Q

A reflex that occurs in response to excessive tension on a tendon is called a(n) ______________.

A

flexor reflex

47
Q

Which is usually under involuntary control?

A

Autonomic nervous system

48
Q

Which nervous system has two nerve fibers connecting the CNS to an effector?

A

Autonomic

49
Q

What does the axon of a postganglionic neuron synapse with?

A

An effector

50
Q

Which reflex occurs in response to excessive tension on a tendon?

A

Tendon

51
Q

Which nervous system regulates conscious, voluntary movements of the skeletal muscles?

A

Somatic nervous system

52
Q

From where do all preganglionic nerve fibers of the sympathetic nervous system arise?

A

Thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord

53
Q

Which nervous system transmits only excitatory signals to effector cells?

A

Somatic nervous system

54
Q

Which efferent pathway has a single nerve fiber extending from the CNS to effector?

A

Somatic

55
Q

Where are the cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic fibers located in the spinal cord?

A

Lateral gray horn

56
Q

Which nervous system has two nerve fibers connecting the CNS to an effector?

A

Autonomic

57
Q

The division of the ANS that has relatively short preganglionic fibers and long postganglionic fibers is which division?

A

Sympathetic

58
Q

Which describes a preganglionic neuron in the ANS?

A

It has its cell body in the spinal cord or the brainstem and its axon terminates in a ganglion

59
Q

Which type of neurons make up the adrenal medulla?

A

Postganglionic sympathetic

60
Q

The nerves of the sympathetic nervous system arise from which regions of the spinal cord?

A

Thoracic

Lumbar

61
Q

The division of the ANS that develops from the same embryonic tissue as the adrenal medulla is the ________ division.

A

sympathetic

62
Q

Regarding the length of fibers, the parasympathetic nervous system has ______ preganglionic fibers and ______ postganglionic fibers.

A

long, short

63
Q

Choose all the regions of the CNS that the nerves of the parasympathetic nervous system arise from.

A

Sacral division of spinal cord

Brainstemc

64
Q

Within the ANS, the effects of the ______ division are often general and widespread, while in the _______ division the effects are more specific and local.

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic

65
Q

What is the alternative name for the craniosacral division of the ANS?

A

Parasympathetic division

66
Q

The ganglia of the sympathetic division are located ______.

A

near the spinal column

67
Q

The neurotransmitter ______ binds to cholinergic receptors.

A

acetylcholine

68
Q

The sympathetic division of the ANS is also called the ______ division as it arises from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.

A

thoracolumbar

69
Q

The division of the ANS that develops from the same embryonic tissue as the adrenal medulla is the __________ division.

A

sympathetic

70
Q

Which receptors bind to ACh?

A

Cholinergic

71
Q

The nerves of the sympathetic nervous system arise from which regions of the spinal cord?

A

Lumbar

Thoracic

72
Q

Which type of receptor can either be inhibited or excited by the binding of acetylcholine?

A

Muscarinic

73
Q

What are two receptors that bind norepinephrine?

A

Alpha-adrenergic

Beta-adrenergic

74
Q

What is the alternative name for the craniosacral division of the ANS?

A

Parasympathetic division

75
Q

The neurotransmitter ______ binds to cholinergic receptors.

A

acetylcholine

76
Q

What effect does the parasympathetic system have on the respiratory system?

A

Bronchoconstriction

77
Q

Which receptors are cholinergic receptors that are found at the synapses of all autonomic ganglia, on cells of the adrenal medulla, and at neuromuscular junctions?

A

Nicotinic

78
Q

Receptors for epinephrine and norepinephrine are called _________ receptors.

A

adrenergic

79
Q

Choose all the regions of the CNS that the parasympathetic division of the ANS arise from.

A

Brain

Sacral spinal cord

80
Q

Choose all that are effects of the parasympathetic division on the digestive system.

A

Increased gastric motility

Increased pancreatic enzyme secretion

Increased gastrointestinal secretion

81
Q

The type of innervation that refers to the fact that many structures in the body are innervated by nerve fibers from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS is called __________ innervation.

A

dual

82
Q

The neurotransmitter norepinephrine binds to ______ receptors.

A

adrenergic

82
Q

The neurotransmitter norepinephrine binds to ______ receptors.

A

adrenergic

83
Q

What is the alternative name for the craniosacral division of the ANS?

A

Parasympathetic division

84
Q

Which division of the ANS causes a decrease in gastrointestinal secretions, pancreatic enzymes, and pancreatic insulin?

A

Sympathetic

85
Q

An organ that receives both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers is said to have what?

A

Dual innervation

86
Q

Which receptors are cholinergic receptors that are found at the synapses of all autonomic ganglia, on cells of the adrenal medulla, and at neuromuscular junctions?

A

PSIO 201 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions