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PSIO 201 > Practice Set 1A > Flashcards

Practice Set 1A Flashcards

1
Q

An aggregation of cells and extracellular materials, which perform a discrete function, is known as a(n)

A

tissue, tissues, or Tissue

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2
Q

True or false: The scientific method is based on an informed conjecture that is capable of being tested and potentially proven false by experimentation or data collection.

A

Reason: False. The scientific method is a way of disciplined reasoning that includes observation, hypothesizing, experimentation, and conclusions. This statement refers to an hypothesis.

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3
Q

What are the levels of structural hierarchy in the body in order of complexity.

A

Atom, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ system, Organism,

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4
Q

What is a group of organs with a unique collective function called?

A

Organ system

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5
Q

Which structure encloses a human cell and controls the traffic of molecules in and out of the cell?

A

Plasma membrane

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6
Q

An organ is best described as which of the following?

A

A structure composed of at least two different tissues, with recognizable boundaries, and with a discrete function

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7
Q

When some bodily changes are detected, responses are activated that reverse the change, restoring stability and preserving normal body function. This would be an example of what type of feedback?

A

Negative feedback

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8
Q

Fill in the correct term for the following sequence: Macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, ( ), organ systems, organism.

A

organs

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9
Q

Which of the following is a process by which an educated guess is capable of being tested and may be proven false by experimentation?

A

Scientific method

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10
Q

Organelles are composed of ______.

A

molecules

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11
Q

What is the smallest unit of an organism that can carry out all the functions of life?

A

Cell

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12
Q

What is a cell or organ that is specialized to detect a stimulus called?

A

Receptor

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13
Q

Blood pressure is controlled by a

A

negative feedback mechanism.

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14
Q

Which of the following describes the integration center of a feedback mechanism?

A

Processes information, relates it to other information, and makes a decision of what a response should be.

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15
Q

An aggregation of cells and extracellular materials, which perform a discrete function, is known as a(n)

A

tissue, tissues, or Tissue

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16
Q

What is the cell or organ that directly carries out a response to a stimulus called?

A

Effector

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17
Q

True or false: The scientific method is based on an informed conjecture that is capable of being tested and potentially proven false by experimentation or data collection.

A

Reason: False. The scientific method is a way of disciplined reasoning that includes observation, hypothesizing, experimentation, and conclusions. This statement refers to an hypothesis.

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18
Q

True or false: A tissue is more complex than an organ.

A

False

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19
Q

The name for a structure that is specialized to detect a stimulus is a(n)

A

receptor, receptors, Receptor, Receptors, sensory receptors, or sensory receptor

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20
Q

What type of feedback is a self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to an even greater change in the same direction?

A

Positive

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21
Q

Which part of a feedback mechanism processes information, relates it to other information, and makes a decision of action?

A

Integrating center

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22
Q

In nature, sodium atoms lose electrons; therefore, they become ______.

A

cations.

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23
Q

A structure that carries out a response to a stimulus is called a(n)

A

effector, effectors, Effector, or Effectors

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24
Q

Which of the following is a process by which an educated guess is capable of being tested and may be proven false by experimentation?

A

Scientific method

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25
Q

Organelles are composed of ______.

A

molecules

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26
Q

The chlorine atom gains electrons to become a chloride ______.

A

anion

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27
Q

Contractions during childbirth is an example of a

A

positive feedback mechanism.

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28
Q

Which of the following best describes a polar covalent bond?

A

Electrons are shared unequally between two atoms.

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29
Q

A cation has a net

A

positive charge.

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30
Q

What is the cell or organ that directly carries out a response to a stimulus called?

A

Effector

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31
Q

True or false: The scientific method is based on an informed conjecture that is capable of being tested and potentially proven false by experimentation or data collection.

A

False

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32
Q

The term ( ) refers to the sum of all the chemical reactions in the body.

A

Metabolism

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33
Q

What is the term for an ion with a net negative charge (more electrons than protons)?

A

Anion

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34
Q

Which term applies to metabolic decomposition reactions that release energy?

A

Anabolism

35
Q

In a carbon dioxide molecule, electrons are shared equally among the atoms. What type of bond do they form?

A

Nonpolar covalent

36
Q

What type of ion has lost an electron and, consequently, has a net positive charge?

A

Cation

37
Q

Metabolic reactions that use energy and build more complex molecules from less complex molecules are considered which type of reaction?

A

Anabolic

38
Q

A structure that carries out a response to a stimulus is called a(n)

A

effector, effectors, Effector, or Effectors

39
Q

About 98% of plasma membrane molecules are lipids. Of this 98%, about ______ are phospholipids

A

75%

40
Q

Which are true regarding metabolism?

A

It can be defined as the sum of all of the chemical reactions in the body.

It includes reactions where new molecules are synthesized.

It includes reactions where molecules are broken down.

41
Q

Which proteins do not protrude into the phospholipid layer but adhere to only one face of the membrane?

A

Peripheral

42
Q

What describes a catabolic reaction?

A

Large protein molecules are broken down into smaller amino acids during digestion.

43
Q

What term refers to a covalent bond in which the electrons are not equally shared?

A

Polar

44
Q

When the concentration of a substance differs from one area to another, this creates a concentration

A

gradient, Gradient, gradients, or concentration gradient

45
Q

The term anabolism specifically applies to metabolic reactions that do which of the following?

A

Build large molecules from small molecules

46
Q

Movement of gas molecules (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the air in the lungs and the blood or between the blood and the tissues is by which process?

A

Diffusion

47
Q

Amphipathic phospholipids arrange themselves into a(n) ______ to form the plasma membrane

A

bilayer

48
Q

Most transmembrane proteins are ______.

A

glycoproteins

49
Q

Which term applies to metabolic decomposition reactions that release energy?

A

Catabolism

50
Q

From a region of high to low concentration

A

Down a gradient

51
Q

From a region of low to high concentration

A

Up a gradient

52
Q

Oxygen passes into the bloodstream across the membranes in the lung by the process of

A

Diffusion

53
Q

What factors would increase the rate of diffusion?

A

Increased cell surface area

Increased concentration difference

Decreased molecular weight of diffusing compound

54
Q

Phospholipids are ______ molecules that have a hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic head.

A

amphipathic

Reason: Amphipathic molecules have polar and nonpolar regions The tail is nonpolar.

55
Q

The greater or steeper the concentration gradient, the ______ the rate of diffusion.

A

faster

56
Q

What is a protein that extends through the cell membrane called?

A

Transmembrane

57
Q

Which of the following describes a catabolic reaction?

A
58
Q

What of the following describes a catabolic reaction?

A

Large protein molecules are broken down into smaller amino acids during digestion.

Reason: Catabolic reactions are decomposition reactions. Larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules, and energy is released.

59
Q

Water and electrolytes can cross a cell membrane through which of the following?

A

Channels

60
Q

When the concentration of a substance differs from one area to another, this creates a concentration

A

gradient

61
Q

What is a protein that participates in transmembrane transport called?

A

A carrier

62
Q

Smaller molecules diffuse ______ larger molecules.

A

faster than

63
Q

When the concentration of a substance gradually changes from one area to the next, we say it exhibits a concentration

A
64
Q

When the concentration of a substance gradually changes from one area to the next, we say it exhibits a concentration

A

gradient, gradients, or Gradient

65
Q

Most transmembrane proteins are ______.

A

glycoproteins

66
Q

True or false: Facilitated diffusion is an active process that uses cellular energy to move substances against the concentration gradient.

A

False

67
Q

What molecules can readily diffuse through a cell membrane?

A

Lipid-soluble molecules

Nonpolar molecules

Hydrophobic molecules

68
Q

In which process does a solute bind to a carrier in the plasma membrane that then changes shape and releases the solute to the other side of the membrane?

A

Carrier-mediated transport

69
Q

Which membrane transport process consumes ATP and uses a carrier?

A

Active

70
Q

The greater or steeper the concentration gradient, the ______ the rate of diffusion.

A

faster

71
Q

Which mechanism of carrier-mediated transport moves a solute through a membrane without use of energy?

A

Facilitated diffusion

72
Q

Sodium-glucose transporters do not directly use ATP. Their ability to move glucose is due to the previous active removal of sodium from the cell. The sodium gradient that resulted from active transport “drives” the transporter, bringing both sodium and glucose into the cell. This is an example of which of the following?

A

Secondary active transport

73
Q

What is a protein that participates in transmembrane transport called?

A

A carrier

74
Q

Vesicular transport that releases material from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell is called

A

exocytosis or Exocytosis (EXO = exit)

75
Q

Mechanisms for moving substances across the plasma membrane that require the use of cellular ATP include ______.

A

active transport

vesicular transport

76
Q

The process of using a carrier to passively transport a solute through a membrane down its concentration gradient is known as

A

facilitated or Facilitated diffusion

77
Q

Which of the following describes primary active transport?

A

A solute is moved up its concentration gradient using ATP.

78
Q

Which of the following moves large particles and fluid droplets across the cell membrane?

A

Vesicular transport

79
Q

Which membrane transport process consumes ATP and uses a carrier?

A

Active

80
Q

Which mechanism of carrier-mediated transport moves a solute through a membrane without use of energy?

A

Facilitated diffusion

81
Q

Which process uses a carrier to move a substance against its concentration gradient using ATP?

A

Primary active transport

82
Q
A
83
Q

True or false: Facilitated diffusion is an active process that uses cellular energy to move substances against the concentration gradient.

A

False

PSIO 201 (10 decks)

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