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pragmatics Flashcards

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1
Q

pragmatics

A

study meaning in interaction taking into account the speaker and the hearer

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2
Q

parts of pragmatics

A

disambiguation, reference assignment, conceptual adjustment, recovery of inarticulated constituents, identification of S attitudes/intention, implicit content

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3
Q

performative actions

A

self-referential, self-verifying, non-falsifiable, felicity conditions

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4
Q

austin’s illocutionary acts

A

expositives, verdictives, comissives, exercitives, behabatives

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5
Q

expositives

A

statements or opinions about state of affairs
eg. state, affirm, deny, insist

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6
Q

verdictives

A

give a verdict
eg. declare, name, analyse, estimate

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7
Q

commissive (austin)

A

commit the speaker to doing something, or announce something
eg. promise, propose

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8
Q

exercitive

A

exert power or influence
eg. demand, order, advise

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9
Q

behabative

A

express attitude or emotion of speaker
eg. thank, congratulate, apologise

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10
Q

austin’s felicity conditions

A

1 - conventionally with correct people and conditions
2 - carried out correctly and completely
3 - genuine emotion, viewed as binding

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11
Q

conventionally indirect speech acts

A

semantics don’t tell the meaning but expression has become conventionally appropriate

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12
Q

non-conventionally indirect speech acts

A

semantics doesn’t tell meaning and hearer must make inference

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13
Q

searle’s criteria

A

illocutionary point, direction of fit, psychological state, propositional content

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14
Q

searle’s speech acts

A

assertives, declaratives, directives, commissives, expressives

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15
Q

assertives

A

something being the case
have truth values
words to world
S belief that p

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16
Q

declaratives

A

express change in state in immediate way
propositional content relates to the world
both direction of fit
no psychological state

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17
Q

directive

A

attempt to make H perform an action
cause H to do
world to words
S intention that H do

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18
Q

commissive (searle)

A

commit S to future action
future action
world to words
S intention to do

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19
Q

expressive

A

express how S feels
S’s attitude in propositional content
no direction of fit
different psychological states

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20
Q

searle’s felicity conditions

A

propositional content
preparatory conditions - participants and things involved
sincerity conditions
essential conditions - consequence of action

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21
Q

cooperative principle

A

communicators work together to establish what is being communicated with a shared goal

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22
Q

CP maxims

A

quality, quantity, relation, manner

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23
Q

maxim of quality

A

be truthful, do not say for which you lack evidence

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24
Q

maxim of quantity

A

be concise, informative, do not give more information than necessary

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25
maxim of relevance
be relevant
26
maxim of manner
be orderly, be brief, do not be ambiguous or obscure
27
implicature
meaning communicated by speaker intentionally and implicitly. deduced by inferential ability
28
implications
conclusions made by hearer by observing S attitude, may not be intended
29
conventionalised implicature
follow from meaning that has become conventionally appropriate - encoded
30
generalised conversational implicature
follow from when words are used, unless specifically cancelled not context-dependent but rely on specific aspects
31
particularised conversational implicature
follow from when words are used, depending on context and maxims
32
characteristics of implicature
non-detachable, context-dependency, cancelability, calculability
33
generating implicature
failure to fulfill maxims or flouting maxims
34
unostentatious maxims
non-observance is not obvious
35
maxim infringement
accidental violation of maxim
36
opting out
unwillingness
37
suspending a maxim
violation of maxim for cultural/contextual reason
38
flouting the maxim
blatantly ignoring maxim
39
clash of maxims
to perform one, another must be violated
40
politeness
the linguistic encoding of social interaction a way of treating people and taking other people's feelings into account aim to avoid interpersonal conflict
41
rule of politeness
lakoff be clear (CP) and be polite formality, hesitancy, camararderie
42
formality
social distance or hierarchy, do not impose
43
hesitancy
give options, social distance but equilibrium
44
camararderie
same status, be nice, make H feel good
45
politeness principle
leech to be polite S expresses meaning favourable to H or unfavourable to S
46
6 maxims of PP
tact, generosity, approbation, modesty, agreement, sympathy
47
tact
give a low value to S want minimise cost to H maximise H benefit
48
generosity
give high value to H want minimise S benefit maximise S cost
49
approbation
give high value to H qualities minimise indifference of H maximise approval of H
50
modesty
give low value to S qualities minimise S praise maximise S indifference
51
agreement
give high value to H opinion minimise disagreement maximise agreement
52
sympathy
give high value to H feeling minimise antipathy maximise sympathy
53
negative politeness
minimising impoliteness of impolite acts
54
positive politeness
maximising politeness of polite acts
55
illocutions of PP
competitive, convivial, collaborative, conflictive
56
competitive
challenge social relationship, negative politeness eg. ordering, demanding, commanding
57
convivial
enhance social relationship, positive politeness eg. offering, inviting, congratulating
58
collaborative
indifferent to politeness eg. stating, affirming
59
conflictive
damage, cause offence eg. insulting, threatening
60
face-saving model
brown + levinson face is a universal feature that is the personal concept an individual has of themself, created through interaction
61
negative face
the desire that actions be unhindered, want to have freedom
62
positive face
the desire that one's desires be viewed as desirable
63
threaten H negative face
demanding, warning, advising, ordering
64
threaten H positive face
insulting, criticising, disagreeing
65
threaten S negative face
accepting help/gratitude, promising
66
threaten S positive face
apologising
67
factors affecting FTAs
power, social distance, rank of imposition
68
power
asymmetric relationship legitimate (hierarchy), referent (skill), expert (knowledge)
69
social distance
symmetrical relationship, companionship
70
rank of imposition
'pain' given to H face
71
baldly on the record
emergency power over H difficulties in communicative channel
72
on the record, with redressive action by use of positive politeness
cooperativeness with H common ground membership joke attend H needs exaggeration give options/reasons reciprocity optimism
73
on the record, with redressive action by use of negative politeness
indirectness do not coerce H apologise show indebtedness do not presuppose pessimism deferential state as if were rule nominalisation
74
off the record
violate maxims quality - contradict, irony, metaphors quantity - exaggerate, understate relevance - hint, say something different manner - incompleteness, vague, generalise
75
bald on the record impoliteness
damage H face
76
positive impoliteness
threaten H positive face - ignoring desire to be liked
77
negative impoliteness
threaten H negative face - demanding from H
78
off the record impoliteness
implicatures
79
withheld politeness
not doing a polite action
80
impoliteness metastrategies
insincere, irony, sarcasm
81
conversational contract
fraser & nolen set of rules and obligations in conversation adequacy
82
CC politeness systems
solidarity, deference, hierarchical
83
deference
[-P, +D] negative politeness and off record
84
solidarity
[-P, -D] positive politeness
85
hierarchical
[+P, -/+D] power - all three subject - negative, off-record
86
rapport management
spencer-oatey rapport = harmony in social relationships
87
3 factors of successful rapport management
face sensitivities, rights/obligations, interactional goals
88
rapport orientations
maintenance, enhancement, challenge, neglect

Semantics (4 decks)

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