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Semantics > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

referents

A

words mean because they refer

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2
Q

referring expressions

A

names, noun/NPs, deictic expressions

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3
Q

generic referent

A

type/class of something

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4
Q

definite referent

A

specific object or item

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5
Q

indefinite referent

A

not specific, anything satisfying the condition

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6
Q

names

A

labels for people, places and objects. unique as the audience can identify referent

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7
Q

origins of names

A

description theory - label for knowledge of referent
causal theory - socially inherited, speaker doesn’t necessarily have knowledge of referent

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8
Q

nouns / NPs

A

pick out objects, substances and ideas. definite, indefinite or no referent at all

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9
Q

deictic expressions

A

refer without meaning, referent dependent on context

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10
Q

spatial deixis

A

refer to places relevant to speech
proximal - ‘this’
distal - ‘that’

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11
Q

personal deixis

A

refer to people relevant to speech e.g. me/you/her

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12
Q

temporal deixis

A

reference depending on time of discourse e.g. now, today

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13
Q

discourse deixis

A

refer to points in the discourse
anaphoric - already said
cataphoric - about to be said

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14
Q

sense

A

meaning beyond the referent, the mind’s idea. depends on the relation between words and speaker’s knowledge. not subjective and doesn’t differ between speakers.

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15
Q

denotation

A

objective, doesn’t differ among individuals, primary meaning

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16
Q

connotation

A

subjective, personal to individuals

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17
Q

concepts

A

meaning of words are concepts that form in the mind

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18
Q

mentalese

A

basic constituents of thought

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19
Q

conceptual theory of meaning

A

logical entry - the mind’s idea (sense)
lexical entry - information about words to verbalise a concept
encyclopedic entry - subjective, personal information

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20
Q

assigning lexical category

A

morphological, semantic, distributional

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21
Q

morphological criteria

A

certain word types can take on certain morphemes (inflection is rare in PDE)

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22
Q

semantic criteria

A

commonalities in meaning

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23
Q

distributional criteria

A

patterning of words, only certain word types can go in spaces

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24
Q

procedural items

Study These Flashcards
A

cannot refer, don’t have concepts, encode procedures / instructions

25
types of procedural items
determiners, conjunctions, proforms, prepositions
26
determiners
specify reference of nouns possessives (relationship between interlocutors + noun) article (definite / indefinite) demonstratives (proximity to speaker/hearer)
26
proforms
deictic expressions that replace linguistic elements
26
conjunctions
sequential, oppositional, cause/effect
27
prepositions
spatial, temporal
28
interjections
halfway between procedural and conceptual items, involve involuntary/instinctive expression, lack referent but express
29
primary interjections
don't follow english phonology, monosyllabic, not homophonous
30
secondary interjections
lexical items taken from English but with different meaning
31
meaning of interjections
emotive / expressive (wow, yay, shit) conative / violate (speaker's intention/desire - shh, psst)
32
nouns
parts of speech that can refer but need not do so
33
types of nouns
count nouns, mass nouns, collective/distributive nouns
34
properties of nouns
living or lifeless, time-stability or fleeting, property or characteristic
35
adjectives
denotes a property or characteristic
36
types of adjective
relative descriptors (relative to standard, restricts applicability), ambiguous, whole/part entity, negational
37
relationship between adjectives and nouns
restrictive, endocentric (noun remains a noun), heightening or lowering
38
verbs
predicate, fundamental part to a sentence
39
tense
marks the temporal location of an event. deictic as an utterance is anchored deictically in moment of time. choice of tense has implicature on how the event is understood
40
aspect
time within the event itself - close up or at a distance choice has no reflection on the event itself.
41
aktionsart
states, achievements, accomplishments, activities
42
parameters of aktionsart
static, telic (bounded), punctual
43
states
static, unchanging situations [+static] [-telic] [-punctual]
44
achievements
punctual, instantaneous events [-static] [+telic] [+punctual]
45
accomplishments
durative events bounded by an end point [-static] [+telic] [-punctual]
46
activities
ongoing event with no end point [-static] [-telic] [-punctual]
47
semelfactives
single instance events, often repeated [-static] [-telic] [+punctual]
48
exception of achievements
central point with an onset and coda phase. inceptive type coding - process leading up to event resultative type coding - result after event
49
meaning relations
semantic - meaning features associative - co-occurrence in discourse thematic - reference to elements co-occurring in events
50
monosemy
single phonological form with a single meaning. e.g. technical terms
51
polysemy
single phonological form with different meanings that share a sense
52
types of polysemy
regular - meaning extended systematically irregular - no underlying rule to the shared concept
53
tests for polysemy
definitional - number of senses based on number of meanings logistic - can be true/false of the same referent linguistic - predicates the same information without sounding bizarre
54
homonymy
single phonological form with different unrelated meanings
55
synonymy
same meaning on all dimensions, words can be substituted
56

Semantics (4 decks)

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