Pregnancy and Inheritance

Question 1

a fluid-filled sphere of cells that enters the uterine cavity

Answer 1

blastocyst

Question 2

cells produced by cleavage

Answer 2

blastomeres

Question 3

the developing individual from week nine of pregnancy until birth

Answer 3

fetus

Question 4

the outer covering of cells of the blastocyst

Answer 4

trophoblast

Question 5

membrane derived from trophoblast

Answer 5

chorion

Question 6

early divisions of the zygote

Answer 6

cleavage

Question 7

a solid sphere of cells still surrounded by the zona pellicuda

Answer 7

morula

Question 8

event in which differentiation into the three primary germ layers occurs

Answer 8

gastrulation

Question 9

embryonic development of structures that will become the nervous system

Answer 9

neurulation

Question 10

the formation of blood vessels to support the developing embryo

Answer 10

angiogenesis

Question 11

result of the fusion of female and male pronuclei

Answer 11

zygote

Question 12

stimulates the corpus luteum to continue production of progesterone and estrogens

Answer 12

human chorionic gonadotropin

Question 13

increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis and helps dilate the uterine cervix during labor

Answer 13

relaxin

Question 14

secreted by the placenta; helps establish the timing of birth and increases the secretion of cortisol for fetal lung maturation

Answer 14

corticotropin-releasing hormone

Question 15

helps prepare mammary glands for lactation; regulates certain aspects of maternal and fetal metabolism

Answer 15

human chorionic somatomammotropin

Question 16

stimulates uterine contractions; responsible for the milk ejection reflex

Answer 16

oxytocin

Question 17

promotes milk synthesis and secretion; inhibited by progesterone during pregnancy

Answer 17

prolactin

Question 18

the penetration of a secondary oocyte by a single sperm cell

Answer 18

syngamy

Question 19

fertilization of a secondary oocyte by more than one sperm

Answer 19

polyspermy

Question 20

the attachment of a blastocyst to the endometrium

Answer 20

implantation

Question 21

the fusion of the genetic material from a haploid sperm and a haploid secondary oocyte into a single diploid nucleus

Answer 21

fertilization

Question 22

the induction by the female reproductive tract of functional changes in sperm that allow them to fertilize a secondary oocyte

Answer 22

capacitation

Question 23

the examination of embryonic or fetal cells sloughed off into the amniotic fluid

Answer 23

amniocentesis

Question 24

an abnormal condition of pregnancy characterized by sudden hypertension, large amounts of protein in urine, and generalized edema

Answer 24

preeclampsia

Question 25

noninvasive test that can detect fetal neural tube defects

Answer 25

maternal AFP test

Question 26

the process of giving birth

Answer 26

parturition

Question 27

the period of time (about 6 weeks) during which the maternal reproductive organs and physiology return to the prepregnancystate

Answer 27

puerperium

Question 28

plays an important role in induction whereby an inducing tissue stimulates the development of an unspecialized responding tissue into a specialized tissue

Answer 28

notochord

Question 29

finger-like projections of the chorion that bring maternal and fetal blood vessels into close proximity

Answer 29

chorionic villi

Question 30

serves as an early site of blood vessel formation

Answer 30

allantois

Question 31

the fetal portion is formed by the chorionic villi and the maternal portion is formed by the decidua basalis of the endometrium; allows oxygen and nutrients to diffuse from maternal blood into fetal blood

Answer 31

placenta

Question 32

contains the vascular connections between mother and fetus

Answer 32

umbilical cord

Question 33

interchange of portions of nonhomologous chromosomes

Answer 33

translocation

Question 34

heterozygous individuals who possess a recessive gene (but do not express it) and can pass the gene on to their offspring

Answer 34

carriers

Question 35

inactivated X chromosome in females

Answer 35

Barr body

Question 36

refers to a person with the same alleles on homologous chromosomes

Answer 36

homozygous

Question 37

a homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, or heterozygous genetic makeup; the actual gene arrangement

Answer 37

genotype

Question 38

refers to how the genetic makeup is expressed in the body; the physical or outward expression of a gene

Answer 38

phenotype

Question 39

neither member of the allelic pair is dominant over the other, and the heterozygote has a phenotype intermediate between the homozygous dominant and the homozygous recessive

Answer 39

incomplete dominance

Question 40

permanent inheritable change in an allele that produces a different variant of the same trait

Answer 40

mutation

Question 41

traits linked to the X chromosome

Answer 41

sex-linked inheritance

Question 42

refers to an individual with different alleles on homologous chromosomes

Answer 42

heterozygous

Question 43

a cell in which one or more chromosomes of a set is added or deleted

Answer 43

aneuploid

Question 44

inheritance based on genes that have more than two alternative forms; an example is the inheritance of blood type

Answer 44

multiple-allele inheritance

Question 45

abnormal number of chromosomes due to failure of homologous chromosomes or chromatids to separate

Answer 45

nondisjunction

Question 46

the two alternative forms of a gene that code for the same trait and are at the same location on homologous chromosomes

Answer 46

alleles

Question 47

the control of inherited traits by the combined effects of many genes

Answer 47

polygenic inheritance