Prejudice Lecture Flashcards
What are the benefits of diversity in work groups?
Increased creativity
Increased productivity
Better problem-solving
What are challenges of diversity?
Discomfort
Resistance to mandatory training
Sexism
Sex Bias in Work Settings
Results:
If both applicants (man & woman) are equally qualified, man > woman
If woman is more qualified, liked less
No sex difference among perceivers, both genders fall prey to the bias
Us vs Them : Jane Elliot
She did this study in the classroom where she told the children that those with brow eyes were less than those with blue eyes.
She saw the difference in behavior between the two groups.
They then to be bullying and discrimination towards the supposed minority.
What is prejudice?
Attitude (emotion, belief, action) and emotional component of attitude
What is a stereotype?
cognitive component
What is discrimination?
Behavior
What roots are there to prejudice & stereotyping?
Cognitive roots- since we like to categorize things due to being cognitive misers
Motivational roots -
What are the cognitive roots in prejudice and stereotypes?
Illusory correlation: associating rare behaviors with a smaller group (statistical minorities)
The idea of crime being everywhere due to the news and associating it with statistical minorities
Undesirable behaviors are overly associated with the smaller group
Can get with rare positives, too
Representativeness heuristic- assume one person representative of whole group
Tajfel’s Minimal groups Study
The idea that simply assigning individuals to groups, even based on arbitrary criteria, can lead to intergroup discrimination and favoritism towards one’s group
Participants looked at an array of dots and had to make a guess
They were then told they were either a dot over estimator or a dot under estimator
They were asked about the other group usually went 50/50
In-group favoritism and out-group degradation based on minimal groups that really did not exist
Realistic Conflict theory
Limited resources that people are competing with others for
Sherif’s Robbers Case Study
Eagles vs Rattlers (teams created at a summer camp)
Conflict arises between groups competing for limited resources
Bonding stage for the groups, Competition stage (competition games between the groups), Reducing friction stage
Symbolic racism
Reject old-style racism but still express prejudice indirectly
Ambivalent racism
Experience an emotional conflict between positive and negative feelings toward stigmatized racial groups
Modern racism
See racism as wrong but view racial minorities as making unfair demands or receiving too many resources
Aversive racism
Believe in egalitarian principles such as racial equality but have a personal aversion toward racial minorities
What are the outcomes of suppression?
Subtle bias
Since people suppress racism unless the justification be racist is clear.
So, if both qualities are equal, then the person is likely not to show their prejudice
But if there are moderate qualities, then prejudice comes out when deciding since you have some sort of justification to pick the white candidate over the black candidate
Bargh, Chen & Burrow Study on Implicit Elements
Implicit influences - you are doing things, but you are not aware they are influencing you while doing
General Study: You are given 5 words and choose 4 words to make a sentence, but the participants are not aware that in some of the trials, there were prejudice
Study 1: Are you rude?
Rearranging words that have prejudiced rude words were more likely to interrupt experimenters later
Study 2: Are you old?
Rearrange words that are relevant to senior citizens
They were timed how fast they walked down the hallway
If you rearrange words (florida, bingo) you walk down the hall more slowly
Controversial result
Study 3: Are you prejudiced?
Non-black participants
Doing a task on the computer, before each trial either exposed to a white or black face subliminally so they don’t see it.
At the end, they get a message that the computer is going to crash, and all the work you did will be lost
If exposed to the black face subliminal, they expressed anger more than those exposed to the white face.
Also experiencing irritation
Unlike priming tests that assess the speed of identifying a target word, the affect misattribution procedure, as described in the text, supposedly assesses
Evaluations, attitudes, valence
According to the text, another term for the illusory correlation demonstrated by Davide Hamilton and colleagues is
Paired distinctiveness
Devine Study 1 Automatic Elements
Present high and low prejudice
White subjects (assessed through scores on the Modern Racism Scale) with either (mainly negative) Black stereotype words or neutral words (presented in parafoveal location- peripheral location)
Then ask the subject to read a paragraph about Donald, who engages in ambiguously negative behaviors
Asked to evaluate Donald’s actions
All subjects (high and low) end up perceiving Donald more negatively if presented with Black stereotype words instead of neutral ones.
Perceived as more hostile if black stereotype words
Devine Study 2 Control Elements
Ask high and low prejudice white subjects to list stereotypes a Black Americans under anonymous conditions
Highly prejudiced subjects offer more negative responses, suggesting that low-prejudice subjects are consciously censoring such negative responses
They are able to control what they write thus leading to write less negative responses
Implicit Association Test (IAT)
Greenwald & Banaji
Place a word whether it is right (good) or left (bad)
In one test, right (good) has a white face and left (bad) has a black face, and another is the reverse
What is one question about implicit measures?
What do they predict?
Cultural Knowledge - Know about the negative treatment of African Americans, so you associate bad
Implicit attitudes predict implicit behaviors
