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IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY > PRELIM LECTURE L1: FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS > Flashcards

PRELIM LECTURE L1: FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS Flashcards

1
Q

includes procedures, tests, and other activities done to ensure blood for transfusion is safely and properly called, preserved, stores, and dispensed

A

blood banking

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2
Q

multidisciplinary specialty encompassing all aspects of blood donation, blood component preparation blood cell serology, and blood transfusion

A

transfusion medicine

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3
Q

a unit, agency or institution providing blood products

A

blood service facility

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4
Q

capabilities of a blood station

A

provision of whole blood and prbc
storage, issuance of blood and packed red cell
compatibility testing of red cell units if hospital based

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5
Q

capabilities of a hospital blood bank

A

storage of whole blood and blood components from a blood center/other hospital
compatibility testing
direct coombs
red cell antibody screening
investigation of transfusion reactions
assist in hospital blood transfusion committee (hbtc) in the conduct of post-transfusion surveillance

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6
Q

term for post-transfusion surveillance

A

hemovigilance

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7
Q

capabilities of a blood center

A

donor recruitment or retention and care of voluntary blood donors
collection of blood
processing and provision of blood components
storage, issuance, transport, and distribution of units

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8
Q

5 infectious disease marker

A

anti-HIV 1/2
anti HCV
HBsAg
Syphilis
Malaria

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9
Q

blood service facility where whole blood is removed, selected component separated and the remainder returned to donor

A

apheresis facility

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10
Q

duration of apheresis

A

1-2 hours

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11
Q

duration of normal clotting of blood

A

3-5 minutes

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12
Q

what year did pope innocent VII and 3 young men practiced transfusion

A

1492

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13
Q

developed sodium phophate

A

Braxton Hicks, 1869

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14
Q

discovered ABO

A

Karl Landsteiner, 1901

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15
Q

defined fourth group AB

A

Alfred von Decastello and Adriano Sturli, 1902

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16
Q

first vein to vein transfusion with multiple syringes

A

Edward E. Lindemann

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17
Q

syringe to valve apparatus

A

Lester Unger

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18
Q

developed sodium citrate as anticoagulant

A

Albert Hustin, 1914

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19
Q

determined the minimum amount of sodium citrate for non-toxicity level

A

Richard Lewisohn, 1916

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20
Q

introduced citrate dextrose as a preservative; glucose

A

Francis Peyton Rous and Joseph R. Turner, 1916

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21
Q

developed techniques of blood transfusion during WW2; appointed as director of 1st American Red Cross blood bank at Presbyterian hospital

A

Dr. Charles Drew, 1941

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22
Q

introduced Acid Citrate Dextrose as a preservative

A

John Freeman Loutit and Patrick Loudon Mollison, 1943

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23
Q

introduced citrate-phosphate dextrose which is less acidic, replaced ACD as a standard preservative

A

John G. Gibson II, 1957

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24
Q

developed gel test

A

Dr. Yves Lapierre, 1985

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25
establishment of national voluntary blood service
1994
26
traditional blood collection volume of blood
450 mL +/- 10%
27
anticoagulant volume in traditional blood collection
63 mL
28
current blood collection volume which uses modified plastic collection
500 +/- 10%
29
current anticoagulant volume
70 mL
30
weight requirement of donor
110 lbs
31
maximum volume of blood collected
525 mL
32
total blood volume of most adults
10-12 pints
33
how long is 1 pint blood replenished
24 hours
34
period of replacement of collected rbcs
1-2 months
35
donor can donate blood every after how many weeks
8 weeks
36
current number of screening tests for infectious diseases
10
37
frequency of hepatitis B virus
1:200,000 to 500,000
38
frequency of hepatitis C
1:1,390,000
39
how many times can an individual can donate in a year
24 times
40
date test required for syphilis
1950s
41
date test required for HBsAg
1971
42
date test required for anti- HBc
1986
43
date test required for anti-HCV
1990
44
date test required for anti-HIV 1/2
1992
45
date test required for anti-HTLV-I/II
1997
46
date test required for HIV-1 (NAT)
1999
47
date test required for HCV (NAT)
1999
48
date test required for WNV
2004
49
anti-T.cruzi
2007
50
donation process requirements
educational materials donor health history questionnaire abbreviated physical examination
51
RBC membrane comprises of
52% CHON (protein), 40% lipid, 8% CHO
52
rbc protein that extend from the outer surface; span the entire membrane to the inner cytoplasmic side of the RBC
integral protein
53
rbc protein located and limited to the cytoplasmic surface; form the rbc cytoskeleton
peripheral proteins
54
two important RBCcharacteristics
deformability permeability
55
what causes loss of membrane deformability
loss of ATP->decrease in phosphorylation
56
what causes increase in membrane rigidity and loss of pliability
increase deposition of membrane calcium
57
RBC intracellular to extracellular ratios for Na and K respectively
1:12 and 25:1
58
a cytoplasmic calcium-binding protein that controls Na K pump and prevent excessive intracellular Ca buildup
Calmodulin
59
goal of blood preservation
provide viable and functional blood components for px
60
temperature for storage of blood in liquid state
1-6C
61
loss of RBC viability
storage lesion
62
increased or decreased in rbc storage lesion: viable cells
decreased
63
increased or decreased in rbc storage lesion: glucose
decreased
64
increased or decreased in rbc storage lesion: ATP
decreased
65
increased or decreased in rbc storage lesion: lactic acid
increased
66
increased or decreased in rbc storage lesion: pH
decreased
67
increased or decreased in rbc storage lesion: 2,3-DPG
decreased
68
increased or decreased in rbc storage lesion: plasma K
increased
69
increased or decreased in rbc storage lesion: plasma hgb
increased
70
oxygen dissociation curve in rbc storage lesion
shift to the left
71
storage time for acid citrate dextrose (formula A)
21 days
72
storage time for citrate phosphate dextrose
21 days
73
storage time for citrate phosphate double dextrose
21 days
74
storage time for citrate phosphate dextrose adenine
35 days
75
what anticoagulant is used for apheresis components
ACD-A
76
CPD preserved blood become depleted of 2,3-DPG by how many weeks of storage
second week
77
how many hours are required to restore normal levels of 2,3-DPG after transfusion
24 hours, as early as 6 hours
78
preserving solutions that are added to the RBCs after removal of the plasma with or w/o platelets
additive solutions (AS)
79
removal of these substances can lead to a decrease in viability, particularly last 2 weeks of storage
adenine and glucose
80
volume of additive solutions added to prbc with high hct and relatively void of plasma
100 mL
81
additive solutions can reduce hct from around how many percent
65-80%-55-65% with 300-400 mL volume
82
four additive solutions licensed in USA
Adsol (AS-1) Nutricel (AS-3) Optisol (AS-5) SOLX (AS-7)
83
RBC additive solutions can extend shelf life up to how many days
42 days
84
benefits of rbc additive solutions
extends shelf life of rbcs allows for harvesting of more plasma and platelets lower rbc viscosity
85
where is additive solution contained
satellite bag
86
additives contain:
saline, adenine, glucose
87
AS-1, AS-5, AS-7 contain
mannitol
88
purpose of mannitol
protects against storage-related hemolysis
89
AS-3 additive for storage-related hemolysis
citrate and phosphate
90
storage time of rbcs with additive solutions
42 days
91
allows individuals to donate blood for their own use
autologous transfusion
92
age of cryoprotective agent that is added to rbcs in rbc freezing
6 days old
93
most commonly used and added to rbcs
glycerol (slow with vigorous shaking)
94
storage temp for frozen prbc
below -65C
95
two concentrations of glycerol
high concentration (40%)-most used low concentration (20%)
96
frozen rbc may be stored up to how many years
10 years
97
transfusion of frozen cells must be preceded by what process
deglycerolization
98
thawing temperature of rbcs
1-6 C
99
what is restored in rbc rejuvenation
ATP and 2,3-DPG
100
rejuvenation solution contains
phosphate, inosine, and adenine
101
rejuvenated rbc may be prepared up to how many days after expiration
3 days
102
why rejuvenated rbcs must be washed before transfusion
to remove inosine (may be toxic)
103
rejuvenated rbcs can be frozen for long-term storage or transfused within how many hours
24 hours
104
term for creating rbcs in the laboratory
blood pharming
105
blood substitutes
hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) perfluorocarbons (PFC)
106
shelf life of artificial O2 carriers
1-3 years
107
storage period of platelet concentrates
5 days
108
percentage of discarded platelet concentrates
20-30%
109
storage temp for platelets
20-24C
110
purpose of platelet agitation
facilitate O2 transfer into the platelet bag and oxygen consumption by the platelets
111
purpose of O2 in maintenance of platelet
pH
112
key parameter for remaining platelet viability
pH
113
pH of platelet associated with loss of viability
6.2
114
T or F: platelet change when it reaches 6.2 pH is irreversible
T
115
what causes the pH to fall in platelet storage
depletion of bicarbonate buffers
116
method to evaluate the viability of platelets
platelet swirling
117
absence of platelet swirling indicates
loss of platelet membrane integrity
118
platelet storage lesion: lactate
increased
119
platelet storage lesion: pH
decreased
120
platelet storage lesion: ATP
decreased
121
morphology scores
decreased (loss of swirling effect)
122
platelet storage lesion: degranulation
increased
123
platelet storage lesion: platelet activation markers
increased
124
platelet storage lesion: platelet aggregation
drop in responses to some agonists
125
life span of platelets
8-10 days
126
normal count of platelets
150
127
additive solutions for platelets
glucose citrate phosphate potassium magnesium acetate
128
purpose of adenine blood additive
increased ADP levels
129
purpose of glucose blood addtive
food for cells
130
purpose of phosphate blood additive
source of 2,3-DPG
131
what are blood bags made of
polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
132
other materials for blood container
polyolefin containers latex
133
main concern associated with storage of platelets at 20-24C
bacterial contamination
134
most common infectious complication of transfusion
sepsis
135
what cryopreservative is added to platelets
dimethyl sulfoxide
136
frozen platelets storage temp and shelf life
-80C, up to 2 years
137
most common cause of bacterial contamination of platelet products
entry of skin plugs into the collection bag
138
immunohematology reference laboratory
National Kidney Transplant institute
139
transfusion transmitted infections reference laboratory
research institute for tropical medicine
140
organizations of blood banking
DOH-NVBSP FDA Philippine Blood Coordinating Council (PBCC)
141
how often are blood banks inspected in a year
once a year
142
main goal of DOH-NVBSP
make sure to deliver safe and adequate blood to those in need
143
organization that includes policy making, technical aspects of national policy and reviewing case in the hospital regulates blood bank, blood supply and proper collection of blood
Philippine Blood Coordinating COuncil
144
some equipment in blood bank with collection facility
apheresis blood bag centrifuge bleeding station
145
some equipment in blood bank without collection facility
blood irradiator refrigerator plasma freezer platelet agitator platelet incubator
146
three areas of RBC biology that are crucial for normal RBC function
normal chemical composition and structure of RBC membrane hgb structure and function rbc metabolism

IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY (23 decks)

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