premalignant lesions

Question 1

What are some examples of chemical and radiation carcinogens

Answer 1

Nitrosamines (gastric cancer),
Cigarette smoke (multiple malignancies),

UV radiation
Ionizing radiation; x-ray, gamma
lung cancer,
related to inhalation of radioactive radon

Question 2

How does chronic inflammation relate to cancer developmen

Answer 2

Persistent chronic inflammation promotes cancer, and metaplasia due to chronic inflammation has a high risk of changing into epithelial dysplasia (premalignant lesions) that can give rise to cancer

Question 3

Name some oncogenic viruses and the cancers they cause according to the documen

Answer 3

Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1) causes adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma,
Hepatitis B virus causes hepatocellular carcinoma,
Epstein-Barr virus causes Burkitt lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma,
Human papilloma virus causes a variety of carcinomas like cervical, vulvar, vaginal, penile, and anal carcinomas,
Human herpes virus 8 (HHV8) causes Kaposi sarcoma.

Question 4

LOSS OF IMMUNE REGULATION

Answer 4

Patients with immune system dysfunction have an
increased number of neoplasms, especially malignant
lymphomas

Question 5

What is the definition of premalignant lesions(border line of lesion)
شكلها تحت الميكروسكوب

Answer 5

Group of lesions that have been initiated
(mutation) to undergo malignant transformation on being
exposed to a promoting agent (proliferation).

epithelial dysplasia is eviden

Question 6

What is epithelial dysplasia
تعريف

Answer 6

Disorganized proliferation انقسام غير منظم
, maturation, and
differentiation of epithelium.

change affect the epithelial tissues without invading the basement
membrane.
مشكله بيتحول لكنسر
Most of the cases are on top of metaplastic changes

. prolonged cigarette smoking ends up with metaplasia, then
dysplasia followed by broncogenic carcinoma.

Question 7

What are the microscopic grades of epithelial dysplasia

Answer 7

1 mild epithelial dysplasia (basal & parabasal layers of the epithelium)

2, moderate dysplasia (basal to half thickness of epithelium),

3severe epithelial dysplasia (basal to more than half epithelial thickness

Question 8

Signs of epithelial dysplasia

Architectural changes: 5

Answer 8

• 1-Drop shape rete pegs.
• 2-Basilar hyperplasia.
• 3-Loss of polarity of basal cells
• 4-Irregular epithelial stratification disturbed maturation
• 5-Loss of cohesion between cells (acantholysis)

Question 9

Signs of epithelial dysplasia

Cytologic atypia 6

Answer 9

6-Prominent nucleoli (vesicular nucleous).
7-Increased nuclear cytoplasmic ratio (2/1).
8-Nuclear and cellular pleomorphism.
9-Nuclear hyperchromatism
10-Increased normal and abnormal mitosis
11-Idividualcell keratinization and (dyskeratosis)

Question 10

What is Leukoplakia clinically?
اذكر نوعاها

Answer 10

white patch or plaque that cant be rubbed of and cant be characterized clinically or histologically as any other
diseases.

Homogenous leukoplakia: (Smooth, wrinkled, criss-cross, tesselated,
granular, wart like).

2- Non-homogenous leukoplakia: (speckled, ulcerated, nodular
thickening

Question 11

What is Leukoplakia histology?

Answer 11

Wide range from hyperkeratosis to epithelial dysplasia.
• 1-Mild epithelia dysplasia (basal & parabasal layers).
• 2- Moderate dysplasia (basal to half thickness epith.)
• 3- Sever epithelial dysplasia(basal to more than half epith.)
• 4- Carcinoma in situ (full thickness of epith دي الجديده البقاي زي اللي فات

Question 12

What is Erythroplakia clinically?
انوعها

Answer 12

red patch or plaque that cannot be
characterized histologically or clinically as any other condition.
• It`s less common than leukoplakia, but it has a higher malignant potentia

1. Homogenous.
2. Non-homogenous (speckeled)منقطه

Question 13

Red colour of Leukoplakia
اسبابه

Answer 13

1- lack of keratin production
• 2- atrophic epithelium
• 3- chronic inflammation in ct

Question 14

Erythroplakia histopathology:

Answer 14

Erythroplakia histopathology:
• Significant dysplasia.
• Carcinoma in situ.سرطان بس في مكانه مش بنتشر
• Invasive squamous cell carcinoma

Question 15

What is Oral submucous fibrosis and where is it commonly seen?

Answer 15

Chronic progressive scarring disease, high risk precancerous condition.
• India, South-East Asia (Tobacco, areca nuts spicy food)

Question 16

What are some clinical signs of Oral submucous fibrosis

Answer 16

Mucosal rigidity.(buccal m., lips, tongue, soft palate).
• Pallor of mucosa.شحوب
• Xerostomia.
• Trismus
• Vesicles, petechiae, ulceration
• Generalized burning sensation

Question 17

What are someهستو signs of Oral submucous fibrosis

Answer 17

Submucosal deposition of dense
and avascular collagenous tissue.
• Epithelial changes:
• atrophy
• dysplasi