primates

Question 1

primate traits

Answer 1

Opposable thumbs
Stereoscopic vision
Large brain 
Generalize tooth pattern
Omnivorous
Reproduction favors quality over quantity
Arboreal adaptations

Question 2

primate social charateristics

Answer 2

Most are diurnal
Develop in a social context
Importance of play

Question 3

development in a social context

Answer 3

Mother-infant bond very important
Harlow’s investigations on isolation
“Aunt” behavior by females in group

Question 4

importance of play

Answer 4

Practice physical skills

Social relationships

Question 5

Prosimians

Answer 5

show a lesser degree of primate traits

lemur, lorises, and tarsiers

Question 6

lemur like forms

Answer 6

Found only in Madagascar and the Comoro Islands
Range of body sizes
Quadrupeds
Vertical clinging and leaping
Solitary to large groups (60+ members)
Female dominance

Question 7

loris like forms

Answer 7

Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa
Nocturnal
Avoid other primates
Arboreal

Question 8

Lorises

Answer 8

Slow quadrupedal locomotion

Question 9

Bushbabies

Answer 9

Quick vertical-clinging-and-leaping

Question 10

tarsiers

Answer 10

Philippines and Indonesia
Nocturnal
Arboreal
Insect eaters
Vertical clinging and leaping
Mated pair and dependent offspring
No rhinarium

Question 11

Anthropoids

Answer 11

old world primates and new world monkeys

Question 12

Platyrrhines (new world monkeys) traits

Answer 12

Broad, flat-bridged noses
Nostrils facing outward
Three premolars
Prehensile tail
Completely arboreal
Found only in the New World

Question 13

Callitrichids (marmosets and tamarins)

Answer 13

Very small
Claws instead of nails
Give birth to twins
Monogamy or polyandry
Male care of infants
Eat fruit, sap and insects

Question 14

cebids

Answer 14

Monkey monkeys

Vary widely in size, group composition, and diet

Question 15

Catarrhines (old world primates) traits

Answer 15

Narrow noses
Nostrils facing downward
Two premolars
Old World monkeys, apes, and humans

Question 16

old world monkeys traits

Answer 16

Narrow noses
Nostrils facing downward
Two premolars

Question 17

Colobine Monkeys (OWM)

Answer 17

Asian Langurs, African colobus monkeys
Mostly arboreal
Leave and seed eaters
Pouched stomachs
Long intestinal tracts

Question 18

Cercopithecine monkeys (OWM)

Answer 18

Includes terrestrial specimens
Notable sexual dimorphism in some species
Depend more on fruit
Cheek pouches
Ischial callosities

Question 19

hominoid characteristics

Answer 19

Relatively large brains, especially cerebral cortex
Short, broad trunks
No tail
Skeletal specialization for suspensory locomotion
Some degree of bipedal locomotion
Flat and rounded molars
Blood proteins group chimps, gorillas and humans

Question 20

Gibbons and Siamangs (lesser apes)

Answer 20

Southeast Asia
Specialized brachiators
Swing arm over arm
Pair bonding
Little sexual dimorphism
Highly territorial

Question 21

orangutans

Answer 21

Borneo and Sumatra
High degree of sexual dimorphism
Body size
Cheek pads and throat pouches
Arboreal fruit-eaters
Solitary

Question 22

gorillas

Answer 22

Africa
Eat stems, shoots, leaves, roots, flowers
Large degree of sexual dimorphism
Males twice the size of females
Sagittal crest (males)
Knuckle walking
Harem with “silverback” as leader

Question 23

chimpanzees

Answer 23

Forested areas of Africa
Two species
Eat significant amounts of meat
Group organization seems to vary by location
Fusion-fission society
Patrilineal and matrilineal groups known
“Cultural” behaviors

Question 24

bonobos

Answer 24

Longer limbs, smaller heads, dark faces, part in their hair
No sexual dimorphism
More social and female centered

Question 25

hominid/hominin traits

Answer 25

``` Bipedalism Thumb is longer and more flexible Larger brain size Cerebral cortex Generalized teeth U-shaped dental arch Present of a chin Male-female bonding ```

Question 26

hominin behaviors

Answer 26

``` Tool making Spoken, symbolic language Hunting large animals Completely terrestrial Longest infant dependency period Division of labor ```

Question 27

incisors

Answer 27

Cutting Most primates have 2 Primitive mammalian form is 4 Somewhat procumbent, becoming more vertically oriented through hominid evolution

Question 28

canines

Answer 28

Function = grasping, tearing Large canines associated with carnivores Social function Diastema

Question 29

premolars

Answer 29

``` Function = grinding, sometimes honing Pongids and some monkeys have sectorial 1st premolar Cutting, slicing complex with upper canine Hominids = bicuspid Trend to become more molar like Primitive condition = 4 NWM = 3 OWM, apes, and humans = 2 ```

Question 30

molars

Answer 30

``` Function = grinding, crushing Vegetarians have very large molars OWM = bilophodont Four cusps in two parallel rows Hominoids = 5-Y pattern ```

Question 31

tooth arch shape

Answer 31

Earliest primates diverged in back Modern apes = rectangular Humans = parabolic

Question 32

molar enamel

Answer 32

Thin in gorillas and chimps | Thick in orangutans and hominids