taxonomy

Question 1

taxonomy

Answer 1

Formal systematic organization of organisms into a coherent classification system

Question 2

history of taxonomy

Answer 2

Linnaeus’ system based on similarities and difference

Tried to reveal god’s plan

Question 3

steps in taxonomy

Answer 3

Define the unit of analysis = species
Use morphological similarities and dissimilarities
Select traits which reflect similarities resulting from evolutionary relationships

Question 4

Classifying Organisms

Answer 4

Need to decide if similar traits are inherited from common ancestor or independent solutions to a particular problem
Differentiating between Homologs and Analogs

Question 5

derived

Answer 5

features are unique to a particular level

Question 6

primitive

Answer 6

features shared by a number of groups

Question 7

homologous structures

Answer 7

Derived from a common ancestor
Feature present in that common ancestor
Example: forelimb of mammals
Predictions that last common ancestor mammals will have similar forelimb structure

Question 8

analogs

Answer 8

Common form determined by common function
Physics of flight constant
Limited number of physically workable solutions

Question 9

convergent evolution

Answer 9

Different populations through process of variation and selection end up with structural similar solutions
Only certain solutions to a particular problem are possible

Question 10

cladistic system

Answer 10

Based exclusively on genealogy

Question 11

evolutionary Systematics

Answer 11

Based on evolutionary history plus rates of evolutionary change
Grew out of concept of evolution which is gradual and continuous

Question 12

evolutionary systematics primate groups

Answer 12

Prosimii

Anthropoids

Question 13

cladistic primate groups

Answer 13

Strepsirhini

Haplorhini

Question 14

evolutionary systematics ape groups

Answer 14

Hylobatidae - Gibbons
Pongidae - Orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees
Hominidae - Humans

Question 15

cladistics ape groups

Answer 15

Hylobatidae - Gibbons
Pongidae - Orangutans
Hominidae - Humans, gorillas, chimpanzees

Question 16

determining homologies

Answer 16

Anatomical structures
Pattern of embryonic development
Proteins
DNA

Question 17

anatomincal homology

Answer 17

The same basic structure
The same relationship to other body parts
Develop in a similar manner in the embryo

Question 18

Embryonic Development

Answer 18

More distantly related vertebrates will have a shorter period during which they pass through similar embryonic stages

Question 19

protein sequences

Answer 19

Molecular homology
Example: hemoglobin
The number of amino acid differences between the beta chain of humans and other species

Question 20

dna

Answer 20

Proteins are expression of genes so why not compare the actual gene sequences
DNA-DNA hybridization
Chromosome painting

Question 21

Phylogenetic Trees

Answer 21

Reconstructing evolutionary history of the molecule
Determine minimum number of nucleotide substitutions in the DNA
Computer program to search for the shortest paths linking the molecules together

Question 22

Taxonomic Problems

Answer 22

Species is the only taxonomic category that exists in nature
Strict cladistic classification are too complex for convenience
Cladistic classification may often seem to violate common sense
Branches on phylogenetic tree are long and bunched so closely at base that it is difficult to determine relationships
As more data is available computer programs become overwhelmed
Changing rate of evolution
Gene transfer between species
Convergent evolution occurs at molecular level as well