Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Z Old Infection IGNORE > Principles of Anti-Bacterial Chemotherapy > Flashcards

Principles of Anti-Bacterial Chemotherapy Flashcards

(87 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

When should anti-bacterial agents ideally be chosen?

A

After the infecting organism has been identified, and the results of susceptibility tests are available

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How long does it commonly take for results of tests investigating organism type and susceptibility to develop?

A

24-48hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the result of tests into organism type and susceptibility taking 24-48 hours to develop?

A

Empirical treatment is often initially started

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is empirical treatment of bacterial infections based on?

A

Clinical insight and epidemiological data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What can happen once the infecting organism has been identified?

A

Organism-based therapy can start

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are bactericidal agents?

A

Those able to kill bacteria directly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are bacteriostatic agents?

A

Those that inhibit bacterial growth and require the immune system to eliminate the remaining pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How can the types of antibiotics be grouped together for classification?

A
  • Penicillins
  • Cephalosporins
  • Monobactams
  • Carbapenums
  • Tetracyclines
  • Aminoglycosides
  • Macrolides
  • Metronidazole
  • Sulphonamides
  • Trimethroprim
  • Vancomycin
  • Teicoplanin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What kind of antibiotics are the penicillins?

A

Bactericidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do the penicillins contain?

A

A ß-lactam ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do the pencillins act?

A

By interfering with the peptioglycan cell wall production, inhibiting the action of transpeptidase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How well do pencillins diffuse?

A

Well though bodily tissues, poorly into cerebrospinal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When will penicillin diffuse well into cerebrospinal fluid?

A

When meninges are inflamed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What % of the population are allergic to penicillins?

A

1-10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Give 6 examples of pencillins

A
  • Benzylpenicillin
  • Phenoxymethylpenicillin
  • Flucloxacillin
  • Ampicillin
  • Amoxicillin
  • Piperacillin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is benzylpenicillin also known as?

A

Penicillin G

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is benzylpenicillin important for?

A

Important antibiotic against streptococcal infection and many other bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How must benzylpenicillin be administed?

A

Via IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why must benzylpenicillin be given via IV?

A

It is inactivated by gastric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is phenoxymethylpenicillin also known as?

A

Penicillin V

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How is phenoxymethylpenicillin similar to benzylpenicillin?

A

It has a similar antibacterial spectrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does phenoxymethylpenicillin differ from benzylpenicillin?

A

It is not inactivated by gastric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How is phenoxymethylpencillin administed?

A

Orally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is phenylmethylpenicillin used for?

A
  • Respiratory tract infections in children
  • Streptococcal tonsillitis

Not used against serious infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is flucloxacillin resistant to?
Penicillinases
26
What is the result of flucloxacillin being resistant to penicillinases?
It is acid stable
27
What is flucloxacillin used against?
Streptococcal infections
28
What kind of antibiotics are ampicillin and amoxicillin?
Broad spectrum
29
What can ampicillin be used for?
Most gram positive and gram negative bacteria
30
What is amoxicillin used for?
Similar purposes as ampicillin, but also for prophylaxis for endocarditis
31
What is co-amoxiclav?
A mixture of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid
32
What is clavulanic acid?
A ß-lactamase inhibitor
33
What does co-amoxiclav do?
Makes amoxicillin effective against ß-lactamase bacteria
34
What kind of antibiotic is piperacillin?
Extended spectrum
35
What can piperacillin be used as?
An antipseudomonal activity
36
What kind of antibiotics are cephalosporins?
Broad spectrum
37
What are cephalosporins closely related to?
The penicillin group
38
What are cephalosporins used for?
Used in the treatment of; * Septicaemia * Meningitis * Peritonitis * UTIs
39
How well do cephalosporins diffuse?
Diffuse well through body, but cannot enter the CSF *(unless the meninges are inflamed)*
40
What is seen with long term cephalosporin treatment?
Antibiotic associated colitis
41
Why is antibiotic associated colitis seen with long term cephalosporin treatment?
Due to the broad spectrum nature of the antibiotic
42
How many generations are there of cephalosporins?
5
43
What are the important generations of cephalosporins?
* Cefotaxim * Ceftazidime * Ceftriaxone
44
What is cefotaxim used against?
Gram-negative bacteria
45
What is ceftazidime good for?
Good activity against pseudomonas
46
What is ceftriaxone used for?
* Serious septicaemias * Pneumonias * Meningitis
47
What are monobactams?
Monocyclic beta-lactams
48
What are monobactams used against?
Gram negative bacteria of pseudomonas, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus Influenzae
49
What is the main monobacteum?
Aztreonam
50
How is aztreonam given?
Intravenously
51
How are carbapenums given?
Intravenously
52
What kind of antibiotics are carbapenums?
Broad spectrum
53
What are carbapenums used against?
Aerobic and anaerobic Gram positives and negatives
54
What do carbapenums have a similar mechanism of action to?
Other beta-lactams
55
What kind of antibiotics are tetracyclines?
Broad spectrum
56
What has happened to tetracyclines activity?
It has decreased
57
Why has tetracyclines activity decreased?
Due to increased bacterial resistance
58
What are tetracyclines used against?
* Chlamydia * Ricketts * Mycoplasma
59
How do tetracyclines work?
By interfering with protein synthesis in the bacteria and lock the tRNA and the septal site of the mRNA molecule
60
What is the most used tetracycline?
Doxycycline
61
Give two examples of aminoglycosides?
* Streptomycin * Gentamicine
62
How do aminoglycosides work?
By preventing the translation of mRNA into protein
63
Are aminoglycosides bactericidal or bacteriostatic?
Bactericidal
64
What kind of antibiotics are aminoglycosides?
Quite broad spectrum
65
How are aminoglycosides given?
Injection
66
Why must aminoglycosides be given by injection?
Because they are not absorbed by the gut
67
What is the problem with aminoglycosides?
* They are nephrotoxic in high concentrations * They can damage cranial nerves
68
What is gentamycin widely used as?
The treatment of choice for many serious bacterial infections
69
What is the most commonly used macrolide?
Erythromycin
70
What is the action of erythromycin similar to?
Penicillin
71
What is erythromycin used for?
* Alternative to penicillin in penicillin-allergic patients * Respiratory infections * Some penicillin resistant staphylococcus
72
What is the problem with erythromycin?
It has numerous side effects, even in low doses
73
What are the side effects of erythromycin?
* Nausea * Vomiting * Diarrhoea
74
What kind of drug is metronidazole?
Antimicrobal
75
What does metronidazole have high activity against?
Anaerobic bacteria and protozoa
76
What is metronidazole used for?
* Pseudomembranous colitis * Surgical and gynaecological sepsis
77
What has happened to the clinical use of suphonamides and trimethroprim?
It has reduced
78
Why has the clinical use of sulphonamides and trimethroprim reduced?
Resistance has been increased towards them
79
What are sulphonamides and trimethroprim used together with?
Trimoxazole
80
Why are sulphonamides and trimethroprim used with trimoxazole?
For their synergistic action
81
What is the problem with using sulphonamides and trimethroprim together with trimoxazole?
Can cause serious side effects
82
What is trimethoprim used for?
UTIs and RTIs
83
What kind of antibiotics are vancomycin and teicoplanin?
Glycopeptides
84
Are vancomycin and teicoplanin bactericidal or bacteriostatic?
Bactericidal
85
What are vancomycin and teicoplanin used against?
Aerobic and anaerobic Gram positive bacteria. Can be used against multi-resistant S. Aureus
86
How well is vancomycin absorbed?
Poorly
87
What is the result of vancomycin being poorly absorbed?
It is only given orally for a psuedomembranous colitis

Z Old Infection IGNORE (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions