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Z Old Infection IGNORE > Immunisation Principles and Practice > Flashcards

Immunisation Principles and Practice Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of immunisation?

A
  • Active
  • Passive
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2
Q

What is active immunisation termed?

A

Vaccination

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3
Q

What does vaccination produce?

A

Long-lasting protective immunity

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4
Q

What is passive immunisation?

A

Injection of antibodies

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5
Q

What do injections of immunoglobulins provide?

A

Short term protection against certain infections

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6
Q

What are injections of immunoglobulins useful in?

A

The management of immune disorders

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7
Q

How are injections of immunoglobulins obtained?

A

Pooled plasma, containing antibodies of certain prevalent pathogens

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8
Q

What can post-exposure management be used for?

A
  • HBV
  • VZV
  • Tetanus
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9
Q

What is the main drawback of passive immunisation?

A
  • The short acting effect it has
  • The potential contamination with infected blood
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10
Q

Why is there potential for contamination with infected blood with passive immunisation?

A

As they are a blood product

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11
Q

What does vaccination aim to do?

A

Improve the adaptive immune response to antigens of a particular microbe so that the first infection produces a secondary immune response (IgG)

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12
Q

How long do vaccines last?

A

A long time, but may require booster responses

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13
Q

What features should an effective vaccine have?

A
  • Safe
  • Protective for a sustained period
  • Induce the neutralising antibody whilst being biologically Stable
  • Cheap
  • Easy to produce
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14
Q

What are vaccines derived from?

A

Viruses or bacteria, or their antigenic components

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15
Q

What are the types of vaccines?

A
  • Live
  • Non-replicating
  • Toxoids
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16
Q

What do live vaccines contain?

A

Strains of the pathogen where the pathogenicity has been removed (attenuated)

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17
Q

Give two examples of live vaccines

A
  • BCG
  • MMR
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18
Q

What is the problem with live vaccines?

A
  • They can cause disease in immunocompromised patients
  • Can’t be used during pregnancy
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19
Q

Why can’t live vaccines be used during pregnancy?

A

Due to the risk of foetal infection

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20
Q

What are non-replicating vaccines?

A

Can be either whole organisms, or fragmented containing their antigenic components

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21
Q

Give an example of a non-replicating vaccine that is a whole organism

A

Pertussis

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22
Q

Give an example of a non-replicating vaccine that is a fragmented organism containing their antigenic components

A

Capsular polysaccharide of streptococcus pneumonia

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23
Q

What can some non-replicating vaccines be conjugated with?

24
Q

Why are some non-replicating vaccines conjugated with proteins?

A

To increase the immunogenicity of the vaccine

25
What are toxoids?
Inactivated toxins of a pathogen
26
Are toxoids pathogenic?
No
27
Give two examples of common toxoid vaccines
* Diptheria * Tetanus
28
What has to be given with vaccines in some scenarios?
Adjuvants
29
Why do vaccines sometimes have to be given with an adjuvant?
To enhance the response towards the vaccine by the immune system to proivde adequate immune cover
30
What is a vaccine adjuvant defined as?
A substance that will enhance the consequence of the immune response when administered simultaneously with the antigen
31
What can vaccine adjuvants be?
* Inorganic salts * Delivery systems to APCs * Bacterial products
32
Give an example of a vaccine adjuvant that is an inorganic salt?
Alum
33
Give two examples of vaccine adjuvants that are delivery systems to APCs
* Liposomes * Polymers
34
Give an example of where a vaccine adjuvant that is a bacterial product is used?
In the BCG vaccine
35
How does a vaccine provide long term management?
By generating a memory in the immune system
36
How does vaccination provide a memory to the immune system?
Vaccination leads to B-cell stimulation and T-cell stimulation. B-cell stimulation leads to antibody production, and T-cell stimulation lead to affinity maturation, immunological memory, and cell mediated mechanisms, which all lead to immunity
37
What vaccines to all people in the UK receive?
* D-T-P * HiB * Oral Polio * Meningococcal C * MMR * Booster D-T and Polio * BCG
38
When is the D-T-P vaccine given?
1st dose at 2 months, 2nd dose at 3 months, 3rd dose at 4th months
39
When is the HiB vaccine given?
* 1st dose at 2 months * 2nd dose at 3 months * 3rd dose at 4th months
40
When is the Oral Polio vaccine given?
* 1st dose at 2 months * 2nd dose at 3 months * 3rd dose at 4th months
41
What kind of vaccine is D-T-P?
D and T are toxoid, P is killed bacteria
42
What kind of vaccine is HiB?
Conjugated capsular polysaccharide
43
What kind of vaccine is oral polio?
Live attenuated
44
When is the meningococcal C vaccine given?
2-4 months
45
What is the meningococcal C vaccine effective against?
Only A and C strains
46
When is the MMR vaccine given?
12-15 months
47
What kind of vaccine is the MMR?
Live attenuated
48
When is the booster D-T and polio vaccine given?
3-5 years, and 13-18 years
49
When is the BCG vaccine given?
10-14 years
50
What kind of vaccine is BCG?
Live attenuated M. Bovis
51
What is given in addition to the vaccines that all of the population have?
Selective programs for those at risk of certain diseases
52
Give an example of someone who may be at increased risk of certain diseases
A health care worker
53
What do all clinical vaccines carry?
Some degree of risk
54
What is the result of all clinical vaccines carrying some degree of risk?
It is vital with any vaccine that the risks are outweighed by the risk of disease
55
What must happen before vaccines are given?
* Extensive trials are used for vaccinations * Any administrator of a vaccine should check the manufacturer's instructions before administration

Z Old Infection IGNORE (23 decks)

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