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Principles Of Electrotherapy Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

When does the flow of charged particles occur

A

When there is an Imbalance in the number of electrons located at two different points

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2
Q

What path does electricity take

A

Least resistance

flows from an area of higher electron concentration to an area of low electron concentration

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3
Q

What is a cathode

A

An area of high electron concentration

negative charged pole

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4
Q

What is an anode

A

An area of low electron concentration

positively charged pole

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5
Q

Which way does a direct current flow

A

One way

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6
Q

Which way does an alternating current flow

A

Back-and-forth

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7
Q

What is a direct current

A

Unidirectional flow of electrons that can be either positively or negatively charged

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8
Q

What is a direct current also known as

A

Galvanic current

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9
Q

Characteristics of direct current

A

Uninterrupted or constant
the flow of the current can be selected on the electrical stimulation unit from:positive to negative from negative to positive

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10
Q

What can a direct current create

A

Galvanic rash

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11
Q

What does direct-current have the potential to cause

A

Chemical reactions in the body tissues

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12
Q

What can occur at the anode

A

Acidic reaction

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13
Q

What can occur at the cathode

A

Alkaline reaction

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14
Q

What layers do chemical reactions happen in

A

Dermal

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15
Q

What do you use direct-current for

A

To stimulate the innervated muscle to prevent or reduce muscle fiber atrophy
iontophoresis
monophasic

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16
Q

What is an alternating current

A

Continuous change in direction of electron flow
flow is bidirectional
Equal balance bt two poles (neutralizes)

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17
Q

Why is there an equal balance between the two poles in alternating current

A

secondary to a constant change of directions of the charge particles

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18
Q

Characteristics of alternating current

A

Biphasic waveform
bidirectional current
maybe symmetrical or asymmetrical
maybe balanced or unbalanced

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19
Q

What is typically the most comfortable

A

Alternating currents

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20
Q

Pulsatile current or pulsed current characteristics

A

Electron flow is periodically interrupted
can be unidirectional
can be bidirectional
the flow of electrons is turned on and off in a rapid fashion
like a strobe light

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21
Q

What are the three pulsatile waveforms

A

Monophasic-One Direction
biphasic- back-and-forth
polyphasic-lots of starts and stops

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22
Q

What is a monophasic waveform

A

One phase to a single pulse

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23
Q

What is the flow of electrons in a monophasic waveforms

A

Unidirectional

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24
Q

What is the current flow in monophasic waveform

A

One Direction

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25
Polarity of the monophasic wave form
Either negative or positive depending on the setting the therapist uses
26
What is a monophasic waveform used for
Direct stimulation of the innervated muscle | iontophoresis
27
What is a biphasic waveform
Two opposing electrical phases (positive negative)
28
What is the pulse in biphasic waveform
Bidirectional
29
Where is the lead phase in biphasic waveform
Above the baseline
30
Where Is the second phase in biphasic waveform
Below the baseline
31
When does a symmetrical biphasic pulse occur
When the two phases deviate from the baseline in an identical and equal amount
32
In what direction are the phases in symmetrical biphasic pulse
One phase in a positive direction | one phase in a negative direction
33
What to use symmetrical biphasic pulse for
Multiple motor points large muscle contraction more comfortable to patient than asymmetrical biphasic way forms
34
What is zero net charge
Two phases are equal in magnitude an duration
35
What are positive and negative phases like an asymmetrical biphasic waveform
Not identical
36
What is created in asymmetrical biphasic waveform
Net electrical charge
37
What is asymmetrical biphasic wave used for
Stimulation of the small for muscles | negative electrode over the motor nerve
38
What is Possible in asymmetrical biphasic wave
Physiological effects on tissue (Rash)
39
Where do you put the electrode for small intrinsic muscles
On top of the muscle belly
40
What is polyphasic waveform
Hey burst of three or more electrical phases | series of pulses delivered as a single charge
41
What is a polyphasic waveform perceived as by humans
Single pulse
42
What is burst frequency
A trade of pulses separated by an interpulse interval
43
What is medium frequency current inferential
Alternating low-frequency current that has been modified
44
What Does a medium frequency current inferential consist of
Two medium frequency currents (one said by machine the other by the therapist)
45
What do the two medium frequency currents do in medium frequency current inferential
They're transmitted almost simultaneously | electrical current paths cross and interfere
46
What is a medium frequency current inferential used for
Pain
47
What are the clinical purposes of interferential
Pain management decrease edema increased blood flow muscle stimulation
48
How to use interferential
For electrodes in a quadripolar configuration
49
What is Russian stimulation
A medium frequency current | Polyphasic alternating current waveform
50
What is Russian simulation used for
Improving athletic performance muscle mass and Force severe weakness or atrophy Poor endurance
51
What are the electrical parameters
Amplitude duration rate
52
What Is amplitude
The maximum amount of current or voltage delivered during a single phase of a pulse
53
What is pulse duration
Length of time between the beginning and the end of all phases in a single pulse
54
What is rate
The number of pulse cycles being delivered to body tissues
55
What is a sensory response
They tell you they feel it (20-150)
56
What is a motor response
Muscle moving(200-300)
57
What is a noxious response
Pain (600)
58
What happens as the phase duration increases
The depth of current will increase | The degree of chemical changes on the body tissues increase
59
What is a shorter pulse and shorter phase duration cause
Better conductivity of the current into the tissue with less impedance
60
What Determines the type of muscle contraction
Rate/frequency
61
What is the rate for twitch
1-20 pps
62
What is the Rate for mm contraction
25-50
63
What is the rate to fatigue (tetany)
50-80
64
Frequency of tens to use in acute pain
Higher
65
Frequency of tens to use in chronic pain
Lower
66
What is internists also called
Amplitude
67
Does intensity vary upon
Person and desired effect pain level of contraction adipose versus muscle ratio
68
What is ramp
Descriptor of the rise and fall of the intensity to desired level typically 2 to 5 seconds
69
What is synchronous
All electrodes will go off at the same time
70
What Is reciprocal
Electrodes alternate on and off
71
What is duty cycle
Ratio of on off times
72
What will a duty cycle of 1:1 do | 1:4
Rapid fatigue | Reduce fatigue
73
Monopolar active electrodes placed (ionto) | Inactive electrodes placed
At target site | distance from the first
74
Where are bipolar electrodes placed (tens NMES)
At area to be treated or along muscle belly
75
Electrodes placed for superficial structures | deeper structures
Closer together | further apart
76
PreCautions for electrotherapy
``` Decreased sensation unhealed incisions bony prominences pain burning sensation over growth plates skin irritations to electricity of Gels demand pacemakers heart disease carotid artery Eyes unstable fracture's history of seizures pregnancy Peripheral nerve disorder rapid fatigue syndrome's infections active cancer DVT ```
77
Clinical uses of symmetrical biphasic waveform
Quadriceps hamstrings muscles of the back when combined muscle functions required
78
What is electricity
A type of energy that is capable of producing magnetic chemical mechanical and thermal effects

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