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1
Q

What is acoustic energy create

A

Pressure waves that are transmitted into underlying tissue

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2
Q

What are the purposes of us

A

Heal tissue through mechanical nonthermal effects

Heat deeper tissue

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3
Q

What does heating deeper tissue do

A

Increase elasticity and rom

Decrease contractures

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4
Q

Depths of penitration superficially

Greater depths

A

O-1 cm

Up to 5 c

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5
Q

What does 1 MHz do

A

Penetrate deeper than 3

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6
Q

Superficial uses what MHz

Deeper

A

3

1

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7
Q

What does the crystal do

A

Contracts and expands in response to alternating current (vibration)

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8
Q

What does the vibration generate

A

Pressure waves that cause the molecules in the tissue to vibrate

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9
Q

What do the electronics of us do to the crystal

A

Modifies electrical energy and transmits it to the crystal

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10
Q

What do sound waves correspond to

A

Frequency range of us machine

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11
Q

How us works

A

Alternating electrical current is applied to the crystal
Crystal expands and contract
Sound waves

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12
Q

What is frequency

A

Number of oscillations a molecule undergoes in 1 second

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13
Q

What is 1 MHz

A

Longer wavelength

Up to 5 cm

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14
Q

What is 3mhz

A

Shorter wavelength

Absorbs up to 2 cm

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15
Q

What is intensity

A

Measure of power delivered per unit area

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16
Q

Intensity for acute

A

0.1-0.5

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17
Q

Intensity for subacute

A

0.5-1

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18
Q

Intensity for chronic

A

1-2

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19
Q

What to do if the pt reports deep war,th and heat

A

Decrease intensity or move wand more

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20
Q

What is duty cycle

A

Percent of time us is on during tx

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21
Q

What is continuous

A

100%

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22
Q

What is pulsed

A

50,20,10% of time

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23
Q

What is longer time duration for

Less

A

Larger area
Deeper tissue
Smaller and acute

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24
Q

How many sessions

A

9-12

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25
What is effective radiating area
Area of the transducer that produces the sound waves
26
What does a larger head do
Focuses beam
27
What does a smaller head do
Disperse energy
28
What is us
Deep heat | Acoustic energy
29
Variables that affect dosage of us
``` Frequency Wavelength Intensity Era Continuous or pulsed Coupling medium Structure of target tissues Duration of ```
30
What is attenuation
Decrease in the intensity of energy
31
How does a decrease in the intensity of the energy happen
Absorption of energy by tissue Scattering secondary to reelection of refraction
32
What is summative effect
If reflected waves reverse course and return towards the sand which leads to areas of intense energy and hot spots
33
What is cavitation
Formation and collapse of vapor filled cavities or bubble in liquids
34
What does cavitation cause
Expansion and compression of gas bubbles in blood
35
What generates cavitation
Pressure changes from sound waves
36
What is stable cavitation
Expand and contraction of gas bubbles Nonthermal mechanical effects at the cellular membrane Higher intensity
37
What is unstable cavitation
Fore frequent with 1 MHz | Energy is released into surrounding tissue and increases temp that can damage tissue and blood
38
What is acoustic streaming secondary to.
Cavitation
39
What is acoustic streaming
Unidirectional movt of the fluid within the pressure field that leads to increased cell membrane permeability
40
Indications for nonthermal us
``` Tissue healing and repair Increase protein synthesis Fractures Acute injury of inflammation Acute injury of inflammation of pN Open wounds Myofascial trigger points ```
41
What are nonthermal effects at the cell membrane
Mechanical vibrations Cavitation Acoustic streaming Micro massage
42
Non thermal setting
0.1-0.2 w cm 20% pulsed duty cycle Repeat 24-48 hours
43
Thermal or continuous settings
1-2 intensity 5-20 min Depth heat modality
44
How does heat accumulate
Via kinetic energy conversion
45
What absorbs energy best
Protein dense tissue (muscle)
46
Indications for thermal us
``` Contractures Scars Chronic conditions Increase tissue extensibility Pain modulation Increase blood flow Soft tissue healing Decrease mm spasm ```
47
Effects of thermal us
``` Increase extensibility Decrease pain Decerase jt stiffness Increase blood flow Decrease muscle spams Decrease chronic inflammation ```
48
Changes that occur in tissue healing
Increase metabolic rate Increase blood flow and tissue permeabilit Increase elasticity of connective tissue Elevate pain threshold Increase enzymatic reactivity stimulating immune system
49
What should a lower intensity be used with | Why
3 MHz | To prevent too high of an increase in tissue temp
50
Application info
Initial tx is shorter Acute conditions needs shorter time than chronic Smaller areas need less time than large
51
What to use for heat | Heal
Pulsed | Continuous
52
Acute use
0.1-.5 10-20% duty cycle Won't feel warmth.
53
Subacute info
.5-1 50% duty cycle More energy with minimal thermal effects
54
Precautions of us
Acute inflammation Fractures Breast implants Cog sensory impairments
55
Contraindications for us
``` Pregnant Reproductive organs Eye Thrombophlebitis Plastic components like joint implants Pacemaker CNS tissue Malignancy or tumor Active bleeding Infection ```
56
What is phonophoresis
U.S. Is used to deliver topical drugs
57
What is better with phono
Thermal
58
Application of us
1.5 intensity | .5 for open wounds
59
Transducer speed in phono
4 cm per sec with area twice the size of the head
60
If pt complains of pain
Lower intensity Increase movt speed Stop

508 (10 decks)

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