Principles of Vaccination Flashcards
(17 cards)
Immunity is defined by the body’s ability to tolerate “self” material and eliminate “non-self” material. This discriminatory ability primarily provides protection from?
Infectious disease
Herd immunity is described as providing protection to unprotected individuals when a portion of the population is vaccinated. What is the fundamental principle behind this protection?
A higher number of immune individuals reduces the likelihood of a susceptible person contacting an infectious agent.
In active immunization, the immune system is stimulated by vaccines to produce an immune response. How is this process differentiated from passive immunization?
The avoidance of natural infection consequences.
A vaccine is a biological product manufactured from a microorganism or its components. What characteristic capacity must be destroyed while maintaining immunogenicity?
The capacity to induce the disease.
The immunogenicity of a vaccine depends on several factors. Among chemical makeup, morphology, and molecular mass, what substance is generally considered the most potent immunogenic substance?
Proteins.
Some polysaccharide vaccines, particularly those with low molecular mass, are conjugated to a protein. The primary reason for this conjugation is to?
Make them more immunogenic at a younger age
A vaccine described as “polyvalent” means it contains?
More than one antigen from one infectious agent.
When a vaccine contains aluminum salts as an adjuvant, it is explicitly stated that it must be administered intramuscularly. Why is subcutaneous injection of such vaccines cautioned against?
It may result in significant inflammatory reactions, subcutaneous nodules, and sterile abscesses
Saponin-based adjuvants exert their effect by selectively stimulating which specific immune response, including directing antigens into endogenous processing pathways and enhancing IFN-γ release?
Th1 responses.
Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA) is described as a “very powerful” combined adjuvant. It is formed by mixing an oil-based depot adjuvant with?
Killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Live attenuated vaccines are derived from weakened organisms. What critical process must occur within the vaccinated animal for these vaccines to produce an immune response?
They must replicate (grow) in the vaccinated animal.
Gene-deleted vaccines are a type of live vaccine. What specific molecular genetic technique makes them irreversibly attenuated?
Deliberate deletion of genes coding for virulence-associated proteins
Subunit vaccines are made of single or multiple antigenic components. Which of the following is explicitly listed as a type of subunit vaccine?
a) Live modified organisms.
b) Inactivated whole bacteria.
c) Toxoids.
d) Viral-vectored vaccines.
Toxoids.
Unlike live attenuated vaccines, inactivated or killed vaccines:
a) Produce immunity in most recipients with one dose.
b) Are more fragile and susceptible to heat and light.
c) Always require multiple doses for a protective immune response.
d) Are contraindicated in pregnant animals due to replication risk.
Always require multiple doses for a protective immune response.
The “Cold Chain” is a system for vaccine storage and transport. Its importance is highlighted to avoid?
Vaccine failure
Passive immunization involves the transfer of antibodies from an immunized subject to a non-immunized one. The natural and very important form of passive immunization in animals is?
Transfer of maternal antibody via placenta or colostrum
Nonspecific immunotherapy aims to enhance an animal’s immune system as a whole. Many immunostimulators used in veterinary medicine commonly achieve their effects by stimulating _____
One or more Toll-like receptors (TLRs) or related pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
