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principles things Flashcards

1
Q

what is the inner most layer of the pericardium

A

epicardium

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2
Q

collaterals

A

alternative vascular routes through which arteries connect with each other directly - connecting arteries

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3
Q

bones of cranial vault

A

occipital
parietal - forms majority

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4
Q

axial skeleton

A

head, neck and trunk

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5
Q

blastocyst

A

embryonic formation containing a cavity in the centre of the sphere of cells and the stage at which the embryo is ready for implantation?

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6
Q

At day 5 following successful in vitro fertilisation, the embryo, that consists of a ball of cells, with a cavity and inner cell mass is transferred into the uterine cavity.

A

blastocyst

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7
Q

between which gestational time period (from fertilisation to birth), is an unborn offspring called an embryo?

A

Fertilisation to the end of 8 weeks

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8
Q

In which sub-cellular organelle are ribosomes produced?

A

Nucleolus

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9
Q

Across which cell structure does an electrical impulse travel from one cell to another?

A

Gap junctions

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10
Q

Which intracellular organelle is primarily responsible for the digestion of engulfed bacteria within the phagocytic cells?

A

Lysosome

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11
Q

In general, which protein is important in activating mast cells?

A

IgE

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12
Q

Which of the following antibody-type forms pentamers, contributing to increased blood viscosity?

A

Serum IgM

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13
Q

What is the total number of ADP molecules that are phosphorylated to ATP during
the complete catabolism of glucose to pyruvate?

A

4

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14
Q

Which mechanism is used for ATP synthesis in the glycolytic pathway?

A

Substrate phosphorylation

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15
Q

Which is an example of a transcription factor binding to a specific DNA sequence

A

TATA box binding protein

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16
Q

What has a direct effect upon the elimination half-life?

A

The apparent volume of distribution and clearance

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17
Q

describe ligand-receptor interactions

A

A partial agonist binds to a receptor, and activates it to a lesser extent than the endogenous chemical messenger.

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18
Q

Bioavailability

A

the fraction of unchanged drug reaching systemic circulation

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19
Q

What is the most likely effect of this finding on the cardiac resting membrane potential and excitability

A

Resting membrane potential hyperpolarised and decreased excitability

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20
Q

describe negative feedback

A

Negative feedback opposes the initial change in a controlled variable

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21
Q

how does Heat exposure affect muscle tone

A

it decreases it

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22
Q

what does stimulation of the vagus nerve do to heart rate

A

decreases it

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23
Q

what following mechanisms help lower body temperature?

A

Redistribution of blood flow to periphery

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24
Q

The activation of what is most important to stop bleeding?

A

Platelets

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25
Q

What are the mechanisms through which temperature homeostasis will be maintained at this temperature?

A

Vasodilatation of skin arterioles

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26
Q

how is mitochondrial DNA inherited

A

from mother to child

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27
Q

describe X-linked recessive disorders

A

there is no male to male transmission

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28
Q

a unique feature of a T lymphocyte (T cell)?

A

Antigen-specific

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29
Q

What characteristic BEST defines the adaptive (acquired) immune response?

A

It exhibits immunological memory

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30
Q

single best description of an allergen?

A

A molecule that binds to antibodies sensitising the surface of mast cells

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31
Q

what autoimmune disease is strongly associated a single gene defect

A

IPEX

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32
Q

Which class of immunoglobulins can cross the placenta and provide protection to the developing foetus?

A

IgG

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33
Q

what is targeted by NK cells?

A

Cells with decreased expression of MHC-I molecules

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34
Q

what is true for all commonly isolated Gram-negative pathogens?

A

The outer membrane is often asymmetric and decorated with lipopolysaccharides

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35
Q

What term describes virulence factors?

A

Exotoxin

36
Q

what does the term β€˜flagella’ describe?

A

Protein molecules that extend from the surface of bacteria & generate movement

37
Q

Which genera of prokaryote is Gram positive?

A

Clostridia

38
Q

describe gram positive bacteria

A

A prokaryote that contains a single cytoplasmic membrane surrounded by a relatively thick multi-layered cell wall that often contains a secondary polymer in addition to peptidoglycan.

39
Q

Which protein is commonly activated in Burkitt lymphoma to cause rapid proliferation of tumour cells?

A

c–myc

40
Q

How does increased intracellular calcium contribute to cell death

A

By increasing mitochondrial permeability

41
Q

what describes the ingestion of extracellular fluid by cells?

A

Pinocytosis

42
Q

what is a malignant tumour of the urinary tract is diagnosed.

A

Transitional cell carcinoma

43
Q

what might happen if you integrate a gene into the genome

A

might disrupt an important gene - particularly a tumour suppressor - increasing cancer risk

-Off target integration of therapy, disrupting another gene

44
Q

when is a cell considered to be β€œfully charged”

A

if it contains ATP

45
Q

Which best describes the structure through which action potentials in postganglionic fibres travel to speed up the heart rate

A

Sympathetic chain (trunk)

46
Q

what are the antibiotics which inhibit protein synthesis

A

mdg

m - macrolides (erythromycin)
d - doxcycyline
g - gentamicin

47
Q

what protein helps define cytotoxic T cells

A

CD8

48
Q

Which group of serum proteins, when deficient, is most likely responsible for the patient’s increased susceptibility to bacterial infections?

A

Complement

49
Q

betalactams

A

amoxicillin and cephalosporin

50
Q

most radio dense

A

ribs

51
Q

equation for Apparent volume of distribution

A

𝑉D =π·π‘œπ‘ π‘’ / [𝐷]𝑃

52
Q

The elimination half-life is calculated as

A

𝑑1⁄ 2= 0.693βˆ—π‘‰π·/ CL

53
Q

or dosage rate (DR) for IV infusion,

A

𝐷𝑅= [𝐷]𝑃𝑆𝑆 βˆ— 𝐢𝐿

54
Q

Shivering and increased metabolic rate are mechanisms to

A

increase heat production

55
Q

is a primary mechanism for heat conservation in a cold environment?

A

vasoconstriction

56
Q

What characterises hypovolaemic shock?

A

Reflex tachycardia

57
Q

Which cell type lines arteries?

A

Endothelium

58
Q

smooth muscle

A

lyemyo

59
Q

skeletal muscle

A

rhabdomyo

60
Q

adipose

A

lipo (fat cells)

61
Q

bone

A

osteo

62
Q

cartilage

A

chondro

63
Q

fibrous

A

fibro

64
Q

defines the term Microbiome

A

The genetic material associated with all the micro-organisms colonising the body.

65
Q

The chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate is predominantly characterised by

A

lymphocytes and plasma cells.

66
Q

Granulomatous inflammation would have aggregates of

A

histocytes, acute inflammation would be neutrophilic

67
Q

abscess formation

A

collection of pus

68
Q

first genetic investigation of choice for an inherited disorder associated with developmental delay and learning difficulties?

A

Chromosomal microarray analysis

69
Q

Which type of fibres do the posterior roots contain?

A

Sensory fibres

70
Q

What is the best test for the parents, to see if they carry a balanced translocation that caused this?

A

Karyotype

  • looks at the chromosomes and will identify a balanced translocation in most cases
71
Q

Regarding the cellular physiology of the mammalian cell membrane
- describe the transport across it

A

Facilitated diffusion uses a carrier to transfer a substance across the cell membrane down its concentration gradient

72
Q

Which of the following receptor or drug target superfamilies does the insulin receptor belong to?

A

Kinase-linked receptors.

73
Q

what is the most common mediator of sepsis

A

The Endotoxin, including Lipopolysaccharide, released by Gram-negative
bacteria is the most common mediator of sepsis.

74
Q

at what vertebral level does the spinal cord usually end

A

L1/L2

75
Q

where are lumbar puncture’s usually performed

A

L3/L4

76
Q

what do sternocostal joints refer to

A

the articulation between the sternum and ribs

77
Q

where does the pelvic cavity lie

A

between the pelvic inlet and the pelvic outlet,

78
Q

greatest affinity in pKi =

A

the highest number

79
Q

advantage of using DNA technology to identify bacteria from a patient sample using its 16s gene sequence?

A

Allows the identification of microbes that cannot be grown under normal laboratory conditions

80
Q

acute inflammation is characterised by

A

neutrophilic host response

81
Q

A 32 Year old woman has hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and you need to test a panel of 17 genes for single base variants.

Which is the best technology for doing this?

A

Next generation sequencing

82
Q

The appearance of an epithelial malignancy means that the diagnosis is

A

carcinoma

83
Q

and the presence of intracellular bridging and keratin production

A

found in squamous epithelium

84
Q

what does cartilage help with

A

joint motility

85
Q

dislocation of a joint can cause

A

bleeding

86
Q

he bones of the skeleton contain viable cells called

A

osteocytes

buzzywords (22 decks)

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