Project Development And Documentation Flashcards

Question

Pinned Connections

Answer 1

Pinned Connections The majority of structural connections are typically designed as pinned or shear connections. Pinned connections typically handle the axial and lateral forces as shear forces. In the case of a beam to column connection, the capacity of the beam is considered individual from the capacity of the column. The forces imposed on the beam are then transmitted to the column as an axial load These connections can be made a variety of ways depending on material. Nails, bolts, welds, clip angles, etc. can all be used to create a successful pinned or shear connection

Answer 2

Moment Connections Are used when it is beneficial to transfer the moment from the beam to the column and vice versa, such as in cases of buildings withstanding large lateral loads. Moment connections are also referred to as rigid or fixed connections The connection is made with sufficient strength so that the beam and column (or other member) essentially acts as a single unit. It is anticipated that if a beam deforms due to moment, the column begins to react and deform as well • For example, steel moment connections typically use web stiffeners, many bolts or welding, and fully engage the flanges of the beam and column

Answer 3

U value = 1 / sum of R values U-value key points: Measures the rate of heat transfer Accounts for conduction, radiation and convection Based on various components and calculations Measures airflow The lower number, the more energy efficient a given assembly is. U-value is the mathematical reciprocal of R-value, U = 1/R.

Answer 4

decreases 6 dB for every doubling of distance

Answer 5

Descriptive Specifies materials and methods without mentioning product (was used widely for a long time but takes long to write) Performance Specifies the required results Proprietary A specific product, ALlows open or closed (allows substitutions or not) reference standard specifies by established standards such as ASTM B 211 or ACI 318

Answer 6

(Index for a city A / 100) x National Average cost = Cost in City A4 Also Index for a city A / Index for a city B = Cost in city A Also (Index for a city A) / 100 x National Average = cost in city A

Answer 7

**SHEET TYPE DESIGNATORS** **0** General (symbols legend, notes, etc.) **1** Plans (horizontal views) **2** Elevations (vertical views) **3** Sections (sectional views, wall sections) **4** Large-Scale Views (plans, elevations, stair sections, or sections that are not details) **5** Details **6** Schedules and Diagrams **7** User Defined (for types that do not fall in other categories, including typical detail sheets) **8** User Defined (for types that do not fall in other categories) **9** 3D Representations (isometrics, perspectives, photographs)

Answer 8

**G** General **H** Hazardous Materials **V** Survey/Mapping **B** Geotechnical **C** Civil **L** Landscape **S** Structural **A** Architectural **I** Interiors **Q** Equipment **F** Fire Protection **P** Plumbing **D** Process **M** Mechanical **E** Electrical **W** Distributed Energy **T** Telecommunications **R** Resource **X** Other Disciplines **Z** Contractor/Shop Drawings **O** Operations

Answer 9

_ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ . _ Div Code sub # Rev # (either number or alpha)

Answer 10

Has lower chance of corroding metals Closed systems under vacuum remove less moisture than open systems open systems cause more internal stress Made by a controlled **Pyrolysis Process** heated to 400 F changing chemical structure. Removes organic compounds making it no longer absorb water, expand or contract. Resistant to water, insects and decay. Process uses low oxygen so wood dont burn. Because no chemicals are used wood is less likely to corrode metals. When wood is heated inside a closed system, wood moisture content is reduced to 5%. When in an open system, reduced to 0%, causing more internal stress

Answer 11

**Procurement and Contracting Requirements Group** **Division 00** — Procurement and Contracting Requirements **Specification Group General Requirements Subgroup** **Division 01** — General Requirements Established administrative procedures for the project **Facility Construction Subgroup** **Division 02** — Existing conditions of a construction site **Division 03** — Concrete **Division 04** — Masonry **Division 05** — Metals **Division 06** — Wood, Plastics, and Composites **Division 07** — Thermal and Moisture Protection **Division 08** — Openings **Division 09** — Finishes Metal studs are typically specified as part of gypsum assemblies **Division 11** — Equipment **Division 14** — Conveying Equipment Facility Services Subgroup **Division 21** — Fire Suppression **Division 22** — Plumbing **Division 23** — Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) **Division 26** — Electrical Site and Infrastructure Subgroup **Division 31** — Earthwork **Division 33** — Utilities

Answer 12

**1. General** (Unit Prices are located in Section 01 20 00 - Price and Payment Procedures) Part 1 – General: Includes administrative activities, procedural requirements, and quality assurance guidelines. This includes quantities, distribution, and the responsibilities of each party in the supply chain, provided in expanded detail for the general conditions of the contract. Part 1 sets specific requirements regarding materials and workmanship and specifies the requirements of what is to be submitted. For instance, it sets conditions for documents submitted to an architect for authorization of use, quality assurance, and the administrative requirements of mechanical insulation, i.e., installing thermal insulation on any mechanical system, including HVAC systems, ducts, boilers and piping systems. **2.Products** Identifies the specific product attributes and conditions of the product quality requirements. It describes the materials, products, equipment, and often manufacturing tolerances and testing requirements expected of the manufacturer. Part 2 also specifies where to find the descriptions of specified products or materials. Manufacturers must be clear in classifying products by name and product number in order to be clearly identified in the specification. **3. Execution** Each Part is then further organized into a system of: . Articles . Paragraphs Indicates special installation requirements and specifies how the products described in Part 2 will be used in the project. It stipulates the quality of workmanship required without dictating the contractor’s processes, yet stipulates the requirements of field quality-control testing. Part 3 contains product-specific provisions and explicit conditions for the installation.

Answer 13

48" plus one door leaf

Answer 14

Hard Low-E Coating A pyrolytic process produces hard-coated Low-E glass. It involves applying a thin layer of molten metal to a sheet of glass during the manufacturing process while it is still molten. As a result, the metal becomes welded to the glass, creating a highly durable (hard) attachment. Best Uses for Hard Low-E Coating The durability of hard Low-E coating means you can use them on storm doors and windows. Hard Low-E Coating Pros Option to accessorize: Because hard Low-E glass does not need sealants inside an insulated glass unit, you can accessorize the glass with in-between blinds, for instance. Affordability: This coating option is cheaper than the soft Low-E glass since it does not require many layers. Durability: The pyrolytic application of the hard Low-E glass means it is less likely to become scratched than soft Low-E glass. Consequently, it lasts longer. Hard Low-E Coating Cons High U Value: A high U-value means the optical thickness of a Low-E coating will increase. In other words, there aren’t very many layers of film present. Low-E coatings with hard surfaces are generally better suited to applications more concerned with durability than insulative or reflective properties. Higher heat gain coefficient: Hard Low-E coatings have a higher heat gain coefficient. Allowing more ultraviolet light and infrared to pass through the glass allows a more significant heat transfer into your living space. Soft-coated Low-E glass is formed using a process called Magnetron Sputter Vacuum Deposition (MSVD). In a nutshell, the particles used in the metal layer adhere to pre-cut glass sheets at room temperature. It takes place in an electrically charged inert gas-filled vacuum chamber, and the result is a metallic coating that is very thin and delicate. Best Uses for Soft Low-E Coating If energy efficiency matters more to you than durability, soft Low-E glass is for you. Soft Low-E Coating Pros High visible light transmission: Soft Low-E coating allows high visible light transmission, where light can filter through the glass and provide an unobstructed view of your surroundings. With this type of coating, you don’t have to worry about heat retention in your windowpane. The specially designed coatings on soft-coated Low-E glass allows for effective solar control, preventing heat from entering your house during the summer and keeping it in during the winter months. Ultra-low emission: The one significant advantage of soft Low-E coating is that it drastically reduces your energy bills. This is because soft glass has to be heated just before coating. The glass surface that the coating uses absorbs the heat and retains it. That means that any other object or material placed near this surface will also absorb heat at a faster rate than its counterpart. Less UV transmission: Another significant difference between soft and hard Low-E coatings is how much solar UV penetrates through them. While both sides of a soft Low-E coating can transmit solar UV, only the outer layer is UV transmitting. The manufacturing process protects the glass from solar damage, thereby strengthening its resistance. In places with intense sunlight, we see more people using glass as an exterior building material. Soft Low-E Coating Cons Fragile and less durable: soft coatings might be more pleasing to the eyes, but they are less robust than hard coatings. Soft Low-E coatings can chip, crack, or peel easily on contact with anything thicker. The gutter will break over time if it comes into contact with anything more powerful than itself, like hail hitting your roof or people walking by on your pavement. Soft Low-E coatings are thus not recommended for external applications. More difficult to temper: The purpose of tempering Low-E coating is to produce a strong, durable, and safe film on your glass. However, soft Low-E coating is more difficult to temper because of its heat-reflection qualities. As a result, the installation process is more complex and time-consuming. Cost: Soft low-E coating is generally more expensive because it is a fragile material that gets damaged. The installation process is complex and requires an experienced professional.

Answer 15

**404.3 Automatic sprinkler protection.** An approved automatic sprinkler system shall be installed throughout the entire building. Exception: Where the ceiling of the atrium is more than 55 feet (16 764 mm) above the floor, sprinkler protection at the ceiling of the atrium is not required. **Section 907.2.13** A fire alarm system shall be installed in occupancies with an atrium that connects more than two floors **404.5** Smoke control A smoke control system shall be installed in accordance with Section 909. Exception: In other than Group I-2, and Group I-1, Condition 2, smoke control is not required for atriums that connect only two stories. **404.10** Interior exit stairways Not greater than 50 percent of interior exit stairways are permitted to egress through an atrium on the level of exit discharge in accordance with Section 1028. **1017.2** Exit access travel distance This table allows for a maximum exit travel distance of 300 feet for buildings equipped with a sprinkler system.

Answer 16

Thermoplastics Plastic materials used for piping are either thermoplastic or thermoset. As opposed to thermoplastics, thermoset plastics must be cured by heating or with a curing chemical to achieve permanent shapes. Once shaped, they cannot be reformed.

Answer 17

**Beryllium copper** A strong copper alloy with high conductivity, elasticity, and tensile strength. It's used in environments with high electrical current, corrosion, and elevated temperatures. **Cold rolled** A temper category for copper and copper alloys. Cold rolled copper is used in sheet and strip applications. **Annealed** A temper category for copper and copper alloys. Annealed tempers are designed to produce materials with specific mechanical properties. **Hot rolled** A temper category for copper and copper alloys. Hot rolled temper is similar to an annealed material and is generally only used for plate. **Mill hardened** A temper that's heat treated to develop a strength level between fully heat treated and age hardenable tempers. Mill hardened tempers are used to create sturdy, miniature parts. **Drawn - general purpose (h58)temper** A temper used for general purpose tubes. It's used when there's no need for high strength, hardness, or bending qualities. **Oxygen free copper** A copper alloy with high conductivity. It's used in electronics and manufacturing.

Answer 18

According to the IBC, section 1011.2 Width and Capacity: “…The required capacity of stairways shall be determined as specified in Section 1005.1, but the minimum width shall be not less than 44 inches (1118 mm)… Stairways serving an occupant load of less than 50 shall have a width of not less than 36 inches (914 mm).”

Answer 19

According to the 2018 IBC, section 1014.3 Handrail Graspability: “Handrails with a circular cross section shall have an outside diameter of not less than 1 1/4 inches (32 mm) and not greater than 2 inches (51 mm). Where the handrail is not circular, it shall have a perimeter dimension of not less than 4 inches (102 mm) and not greater than 6 1/4 inches (160 mm) with a maximum cross-sectional dimension of 2 1/4 inches (57 mm) and minimum cross-sectional dimension of 1 inch (25 mm).”

Answer 20

**Bed joint:** This is the horizontal joint between two layers of masonry units, such as bricks or blocks. It is formed by the mortar that is laid between the units, providing a stable base and bonding them together. **Collar joint:** This is the vertical joint between two wythes of masonry, formed by the mortar that is placed between them. The collar joint helps bond the two wythes together, providing stability and ensuring that the wall functions as a single, structurally sound unit. **Head joint:** This is the vertical joint between the ends of adjacent masonry units, such as bricks or blocks, in a single wythe. Like the bed joint, the head joint is formed by the mortar that is used to bond the units together.

Answer 21

Near vertical distribution shafts In all-air and air and water heating and cooling systems, one or more air handling units are typically located in one or more fan rooms. Although it is definitely appropriate to locate the fan room(s) near an exterior wall, it is of paramount importance to locate these spaces close to the vertical distribution shafts (that is, if we had to pick between these two locations). This will make the system more efficient as the horizontal distribution of conditioned air (heated or cooled) will be reduced. Apart from the location in plan, the architect and the mechanical engineer (and the owner might also have a say, because these rooms can take away a lot of valuable square footage) will work together to decide in which floor to place these rooms. Because the floor in which they are located does not have a major implication in terms of the efficiency of the system, other factors will have to be weighted, in order to decide the final location of such rooms.

Answer 22

Mortar is made by mixing Portland cement, lime, and sand combined in different ratios to meet specific requirements.

Answer 23

R-value measures resistance to heat transfer Based on a specific material property value Does not measure airflow The higher the number, the more energy efficient a given assembly is. R-value is the mathematical reciprocal of U-value, R = 1/U.

Answer 24

According to the IBC, section 1010.1.6 Landings at Doors, "Landings shall have a length measured in the direction of travel of not less than 44"."

Answer 25

**Fire Dampers** - These are installed in ductwork where it passes through fire-resistant rated walls or floors. These devices are normally held open by a fusible link, which melts at a specific temperature, triggering the damper to close. By closing off the ductwork, fire dampers prevent the spread of fire from one compartment of the building to another, thereby maintaining the compartmentation strategy of the building's fire protection system. **Smoke Dampers** - While fire dampers are designed to prevent the spread of fire, smoke dampers are intended to control the spread of smoke, which can be just as deadly. Smoke dampers are usually controlled by a building's fire alarm system and are triggered by smoke detectors. When smoke is detected, the damper closes, preventing smoke from spreading through the HVAC system. Combination Fire/Smoke Dampers - These dampers serve both functions, preventing the spread of fire and smoke. They close in response to a rise in temperature (like a fire damper) or when smoke is detected (like a smoke damper). The importance of fire and smoke dampers lies in their ability to protect building occupants by preventing the spread of fire and smoke, thereby providing more time for people to evacuate safely. They also help to protect property by containing the fire, reducing potential damage. Regular inspection and maintenance of these dampers is critical to ensure they function correctly in the event of a fire, and many local codes and standards require such periodic testing and maintenance.

Answer 26

Plywood grades range from A to D, with A being the highest quality and D the lowest. The first letter (in AB grade, for instance) indicates the quality of the face veneer and the second letter represents the quality of the back veneer. A cabinet of a high-end kitchen would require a high-grade plywood on both sides. AA grade is the best solution in this scenario, although AB would also be possible **BA Grade:** BA grade plywood typically has a B-grade face veneer and an A-grade back veneer. The face veneer may have some noticeable patches, discoloration, or minor defects, while the back veneer is relatively smooth and defect-free. BA grade plywood is suitable for applications where appearance is important but slight imperfections are acceptable. **AC Grade:** AC grade plywood has an A-grade face veneer and a C-grade back veneer. The face veneer is of high quality, with a smooth and uniform surface, minimal patches or defects, and an attractive appearance. The back veneer may have more noticeable patches or defects but is still structurally sound. AC grade plywood is commonly used when both sides of the plywood will be visible, such as in (non high-end) cabinet construction. **BB Grade:** BB grade plywood features a B-grade face veneer and a B-grade back veneer. Both sides of the plywood have a relatively uniform appearance with some patches, knots, or small defects present. BB grade plywood is suitable for applications where appearance is less critical, such as subfloors, roofs, or non-visible areas. **AA Grade:** AA grade plywood is the highest quality grade available. It features an A-grade face veneer and an A-grade back veneer, both of which are smooth, uniform, and virtually free from defects. AA grade plywood is used for applications where the highest level of appearance and quality is required, such as high-end cabinetry or furniture.

Answer 27

The purpose of a tie between an inner and outer brick wythe is to connect the two wythes and provide structural stability. These ties, often called wall ties or cavity ties, are used in cavity wall construction to maintain the alignment of the two separate wythes while also allowing them to act as a single, more stable structural unit. The ties also help in transferring lateral loads from the outer wythe to the inner wythe, increasing the overall resistance of the wall to wind or other lateral forces. Furthermore, in cavity wall construction, there is typically an air gap between the two wythes. A bend (or drip) helps with mitigation of water infiltration into the inner wythe, thus improving the overall moisture resistance and thermal performance of the wall

Answer 28

Always dimension toilet room drywall partitions from the toilet room side of the partition Always dimension corridor partitions from the corridor side of the partition For nonstructural elements, such as partitions, do not close dimension strings between structural elements

Answer 29

Project manual is comprised of: * bidding requirements * contract information, including the owner-contractor agreement, bonds, etc. (Option A) * general and supplementary conditions of the contract * specifications

Answer 30

**Tooled mortar joints:** In this method, the mortar is compressed and shaped with a jointer or a pointing tool after it has been partially set. A tooled joint is often used for its aesthetic appeal and its ability to create a watertight seal. The compression of the mortar during the tooling process increases its density, which helps to shed water, making it more resistant to weathering and moisture penetration. There are various styles of tooled joints, such as concave, V-joint, and grapevine, each providing a distinct appearance. **Troweled mortar joints:** Troweled joints, on the other hand, are finished with a trowel, which is used to smooth and press the mortar into the joint as it is applied between the masonry units. The process is typically done as the masonry wall is being constructed. The troweled joint is generally a more basic finish, and it does not compress the mortar as much as a tooled joint. As a result, it may be less resistant to water penetration and weathering compared to a tooled joint. **Raked mortar joints:** A raked joint is another type of mortar joint finish used in masonry construction. In a raked joint, the mortar is recessed or ""raked"" out to a certain depth (typically between 1/4 to 1/2 inch) from the face of the masonry units, using a raking tool or the edge of a trowel. This process creates a shadow effect, emphasizing the individual masonry units and giving the wall a more distinct and textured appearance. Raked joints are primarily used for aesthetic purposes, as they can create a visually interesting pattern or effect on the masonry wall. However, it is important to note that raked joints may be less resistant to water penetration and weathering compared to tooled or troweled joints. By recessing the mortar, raked joints can potentially allow water to accumulate within the joint, which can lead to increased moisture penetration and potential damage to the wall over time. For these reasons, this method is mostly used in interior applications.

Answer 31

**Typical minimum operating pressures by fixture:** Bathtub Faucet - 5 PSI Sink Faucet - 10 PSI Shower - 12 PSI Urinal Flush Valve - 15 PSI

Answer 32

There are many different approaches to structural waterproofing. The construction methods will in part contribute to the specification of types of waterproofing systems (positive or negative side) and may also determine the overall structural waterproofing strategy. Structural waterproofing falls into 3 categories: Type A – Barrier Protection Type B – Structurally Integral Protection Type C – Drained Protection With 3 grades: Grade 1 – Some water seepage and damp are tolerable depending on the intended use Grade 2 – No water penetration is acceptable Grade 3 – No dampness or water penetration is acceptable From these categories we can offer designs based on: Positive side waterproofing Negative side waterproofing Integral waterproofing Integral waterproofing (Type B Structurally Integral Protection) is comprised of admixtures that are incorporated into the concrete mixture during the initial pour and are not usually seen as a “positive” or “negative” side waterproofing solution. On some occasions, warranty providers may ask for two (2) forms of waterproofing, meaning both the positive and negative sides are offered protection Positive waterproofing is applied on the side of the wall with direct exposure to water. Negative waterproofing is applied from the opposite side, that is, from the interior where there is no exposure to the elements. This is generally used in remedial applications such as elevator pits. Negative side waterproofing in some instances has the capability of dealing with an incredible 13 bar pressure (this equates to just over 130m head of water)!! Blindside waterproofing refers to waterproofing applied to the outside of the wall that becomes inaccessible after the wall’s construction. It is used in situations where the basement wall is supported by an excavation support system such as soldier piles and lagging, which are left in place.

Answer 33

continue to slope for the depth of one tread According to the IBC, section 1014.6 Handrail Extensions: “… Where handrails are not continuous between flights, the handrails shall extend horizontally not less than 12 inches (305 mm) beyond the top riser and continue to slope for the depth of one tread beyond the bottom riser. At ramps where handrails are not continuous between runs, the handrails shall extend horizontally above the landing 12 inches (305 mm) minimum beyond the top and bottom of ramp runs….”

Answer 34

Order of magnitude is the quickest cost estimating method and is usually used during the early stages of design or during programming. It is typically based on historical data and has a degree of accuracy that usually ranges between 20-25%. Unit of measure method (Area, Volume, etc.) - Typically used during the Schematic Design phase. Degree of accuracy usually ranges between 15-20%. Assembly method (or Systems) - Typically used during the Design Development phase. Degree of accuracy around 10%. Unit Price method - A much more detailed method of cost estimating that is usually used during or after the Construction Documents phase of a project. Degree of accuracy usually ranges between 3-5%.

Answer 35

Fire Protection System Shop Drawings Site Plan Floor Live Load Exterior Wall Envelope

Answer 36

The minimum distance between exhaust air and fresh air louvers is 10 f

Answer 37

Cellular fiber board insulation has a lower R-value than mineral fiber board insulation but it is more environmentally friendly. Cellular fiber board max. R-value = 2.8 ft2·°F·h/BTU Mineral fiber board max. R-value = 4 ft2·°F·h/BTU Perlite board insulation has a much lower insulating efficiency than plastic foam insulation Expanded Polystyrene foam board insulation is combustible and has a high coefficient of thermal expansion Mineral fiber board insulation is a low-density fire resistant insulation Lightweight insulating concrete is inert Extruded Polystyrene foam board has a Higher maximum R-value than Expanded Polystyrene. Expanded Polystyrene foam board (EPS) max. R-value = 4.2 ft2·°F·h/BTU Extruded Polystyrene foam board (XPS) max. R-value = 5 ft2·°F·h/BTU

Answer 38

**Expansion joints** are intentionally provided gaps in a building or structure to accommodate its expansion and contraction due to temperature changes or other factors. These joints help prevent stress buildup, which could result in cracking or structural damage. **Shrinkage** is the reduction in the volume or size of a material, like concrete, as it dries or hardens. Concrete shrinkage is a common phenomenon that can cause cracks if not properly accounted for during construction. Control joints are strategically placed, planned gaps in a concrete masonry wall or slab to help control cracking caused by shrinkage or other factors. These joints allow for some movement in the concrete without causing damage to the overall structure. **Cracking** is the formation of fractures or fissures in a material, such as concrete or masonry, due to various factors like shrinkage, temperature changes, or structural loads. Cracking can compromise the integrity of a structure and should be managed by incorporating proper design techniques like control joints.

Answer 39

total resistance (R) ohms in the circuit: 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + ……. 1/R10 1/R1 = 1/240 + 1/240 + …1/240 1/R1 = 10/240 = 1/24 R1 = 24 ohms Current (I) amps = Voltage (V) volts /Resistance (R) ohms Current (I) amps= 120 volts / 24 ohms = 5 amps Power (W) watts = Volts (V) * Current (I) Power (W) watts = 120 Volts * 5 Amps Power (W) watts = 600 watts or 0.6 kw (since 1kw = 1000 w) operation cost Formula = Total Power * Duration * cost /hour

Answer 40

Brickwork refers to the method of laying bricks in various patterns, also known as bonds. Each bond type has its own unique appearance and structural properties. Here are the differences between English bond, American bond, Running bond, and Flemish bond: **English bond** is considered one of the strongest and most traditional brickwork patterns. It consists of alternating courses (rows) of headers (bricks laid with their short end facing out) and stretchers (bricks laid with their long side facing out). The header courses are typically centered on the stretcher courses below and above, creating a visually appealing and structurally robust bond. **American bond**, also known as the common bond, is a popular brickwork pattern in the United States. It consists of several courses of stretchers, typically five to nine, followed by a course of headers. This pattern is less labor-intensive than the English bond, as fewer header bricks need to be cut. It provides a balance between aesthetics and structural stability, while requiring less time and effort to construct. **Running bond** is the simplest and most commonly used brickwork pattern. It consists entirely of stretcher courses, with each brick overlapping the one below and above it by half its length. While the running bond is easy to construct and visually appealing, it is not as structurally robust as some other bond patterns. As a result, it is often used for non-load-bearing walls or combined with reinforcement materials like steel bars for added strength. **Flemish bond** is a more decorative brickwork pattern that combines both headers and stretchers in each course. In this pattern, each course alternates between a header and a stretcher, with the headers centered above and below the stretchers. This creates a visually appealing, checkerboard-like pattern. Although the Flemish bond is not as strong as the English bond, it offers a balance between aesthetics and structural stability.

Answer 41

Copper Plastic Brass Steel

Answer 42

According to the IBC, section 1009.6: “… Each area of refuge shall be sized to accommodate one wheelchair space of 30 inches by 48 inches (762 mm by 1219 mm) for each 200 occupants or portion thereof, based on the occupant load of the area of refuge and areas served by the area of refuge. Such wheelchair spaces shall not reduce the means of egress minimum width or required capacity. Access to any of the required wheelchair spaces in an area of refuge shall not be obstructed by more than one adjoining wheelchair space….Each area of refuge shall be separated from the remainder of the story by a smoke barrier…”

Answer 43

According to the IBC, section 2304.11.1.1, "Minimum dimensions of columns shall be in accordance with Table 2304.11. Columns shall be continuous or superimposed throughout all stories and connected in an approved manner. Girders and beams at column connections shall be closely fitted around columns and adjoining ends shall be cross tied to each other, or intertied by caps or ties, to transfer horizontal loads across joints. Wood bolsters shall not be placed on tops of columns unless the columns support roof loads only. Where traditional heavy timber detailing is used, connections shall be by means of reinforced concrete or metal caps with brackets, by properly designed steel or iron caps, with pintles and base plates, by timber splice plates affixed to the columns by metal connectors housed within the contact faces, or by other approved methods."

Answer 44

The thrust of an arch on its abutments is inversely proportional to the rise and proportional to the total load and span.

Answer 45

According to the 2018 IBC, section 1014.7 Clearance: “Clear space between a handrail and a wall or other surface shall be not less than 1.5 inches (38 mm)." Also, per section 1014.8 Projections: “On ramps and on ramped aisles that are part of an accessible route, the clear width between handrails shall be 36 inches (914 mm) minimum” Therefore, the minimum distance between walls is: 1.5” + 2” + 36” + 2” + 1.5” = 43”

Answer 46

Hardwoods (Oak, Birch) are usually best suited for exterior decks, flooring, and high-quality furniture. Softwoods (Douglas-fir, Pine) represent roughly 80%-90% of all timber construction and they can be found in windows, doors, furniture, structural framing, etc.

Answer 47

**Square edge:** This type of edge is flat and does not have any special shape. It is typically used for applications where the joints will not be taped or finished, such as in some ceiling or wall applications, where the seams will be covered by other materials. **Tapered edge:** This type of edge features a slight indentation or taper along the long edges of the gypsum board. This taper allows for easier joint treatment and finishing, as it creates a recess that can accommodate joint compound and tape, resulting in a smoother and more inconspicuous joint. Due to its ease of finishing and the ability to create a seamless appearance, the tapered edge is the most commonly used edge type in gypsum board installations. **Beveled edge:** A beveled edge has a sloping or angled surface along the edge. This type of edge is not commonly used in gypsum board installations, as it doesn't provide any significant benefits in terms of joint treatment or finishing. **Tongue-and-groove edge:** This type of edge features interlocking profiles along the edges, allowing the boards to fit together securely. While this edge type can provide a tight fit and help with alignment, it is not commonly used in gypsum board installations, as the tapered edge is more suitable for achieving a seamless joint finish. We highly recommend reading chapter 10.09 of the book Bu

Answer 48

A Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC) is a rating of how much sound an acoustic product can absorb. NRC is measured on a scale that ranges from 0 to 1. A value of 0 means that no sound is absorbed by a given product and a value of 1 means that the product absorbs all sound. Naturally, the higher the NRC value, the better the product is at absorbing the sound. .45 means absorbs 45%

Answer 49

Overall building dimension (singular) Structural column grid Building offsets Exterior wall features such as windows, doors, column cladding, wing walls, etc. Interior partitions. These should occur, when possible, within the footprint of the exterior walls

Answer 50

The coefficient of linear thermal expansion (CLTE) of a material measures how much the material expands or contracts for each degree change in temperature. This is an important property to consider in construction and engineering because changes in temperature can cause materials to expand or contract, which can lead to stress, deformation, or even failure in some cases. The CLTE is typically expressed in units of length per length per degree. For example, it might be given in units like per degree Celsius (°C⁻¹), per degree Fahrenheit (°F⁻¹), or microstrains per degree Celsius (με/°C). Different materials have different CLTEs. For example, metals typically have high coefficients of thermal expansion, meaning they expand and contract a lot with changes in temperature. This is why you might hear a ""ticking"" noise as metal structures like bridges or rail tracks heat up or cool down. In contrast, materials like concrete and brick have relatively low coefficients of thermal expansion, so they don't change size as much with temperature fluctuations. However, even small amounts of expansion or contraction can be significant in large structures or over long periods of time. Engineers and architects need to take thermal expansion into account when designing structures. They might choose materials with lower CLTEs, design joints to accommodate movement, or use a combination of materials to balance out the effects of thermal expansion. Coefficient of linear thermal expansion of these construction materials (10-6 in/in-F): Brick Masonry – 34 Concrete - 55 Stainless Steel – 99 Brass - 104

Answer 51

Deflection refers to the degree to which a structural element is displaced under a load. It is a critical measure in structural engineering as excessive deflection can make a structure unserviceable. The amount of deflection in a beam is dependent on the beam's length, thickness, material, and the load applied to it. When it comes to the deflection of a beam, both the moment of inertia and the modulus of elasticity play crucial roles. The equation for the deflection of a beam is: Deflection = Load * Length^3 / (48 * Elasticity * Inertia) From this equation, we can see that increasing either the moment of inertia of the section or the modulus of elasticity of the material will reduce the deflection of a beam. In simpler terms: - If the moment of inertia is increased, the beam becomes more resistant to bending and deflects less under the same load. - If the modulus of elasti

Answer 52

According to the 2018 IBC, section 1607.8.1 Handrails and Guards: “Handrails and guards shall be designed to resist a linear load of 50 pounds per linear foot (plf) (0.73 kN/m)…”

Answer 53

**Candela:** Candela (cd) is a unit of measurement for luminous intensity. It quantifies the intensity of a light source in a particular direction. In simple terms, candela measures the brightness of a light source as perceived by the human eye. **Lux:** Lux (lx) is a unit of measurement for illuminance. It quantifies the amount of light that falls on a surface, taking into account the distance from the light source. One lux is equal to one lumen per square meter. It's used to measure the level of light in various environments, like offices, homes, or outdoor spaces. **Luminance:** Luminance (cd/m²) is a measure of the amount of light emitted or reflected by a surface in a given direction. It's used to describe the appearance of objects and surfaces in terms of their brightness. Luminance is important in various fields like architecture, lighting design, and photography. **Lumen:** Lumen (lm) is a unit of measurement for luminous flux, which represents the total amount of visible light emitted by a light source in all directions. It's used to quantify the total output of a light source, such as a light bulb or a fixture. The higher the lumen rating, the brighter the light source is.

Answer 54

According to the American Concrete Institute (ACI) building code requirements, the minimum concrete cover required for reinforcing steel in concrete beams and columns that are not exposed to earth and weather is generally 1.5 inches. However, the required minimum cover may vary depending on factors such as the size of the reinforcement, the exposure condition, and the level of durability required for the structure

Answer 55

Typical values for the embodied energy of some common materials: Lightweight concrete – 940 Btu/lbm Gypsum wallboard – 1,830 Btu/lbm Cement – 4,100 Btu/lbm Glass – 11,100 Btu/lbm Plastic - 18,500 Btu/lbm Steel - 19,200 Btu/lbm Expanded polystyrene – 38,183 Btu/lbm Copper – 29,600 Btu/lbm Aluminum – 103,500 Btu/lbm

Answer 56

0.6 x 30 = 18 (60% of the roof's R-value) 0.7 x 30 = 21 (70% of the roof's R-value)

Answer 57

**Type K** – heavy duty piping, thicker walls, commonly used for underground piping. Fabricated in straight sections (hard temper) and coiled (soft temper). **Type L** – medium duty piping, most commonly used on building piping systems. Fabricated in straight sections (hard temper) and coiled (soft temper). **Type M** – light duty piping, thinner walls, commonly used where there is low pressure involved, such as drainage and chilled water systems. Only fabricated in straight sections (hard temper). The three types listed above are the most commonly used for potable water service. **Type ACR** - commonly used for Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Service **Type DWV** - commonly used for Drainage, Waste and Vent

Answer 58

A linear load diagram represents the distribution of a load that varies linearly along the length of a structural member. The load gradually increases or decreases as you move along the member. For example, a triangular load with the peak load at one end and zero load at the other end is an example of a linear load. A constant shear diagram represents the shear forces in a beam when subjected to a constant load or uniformly distributed load. In this case, the shear force at any point along the beam remains constant. For example, a beam with a uniformly distributed load will have a constant shear force between the supports. A linear moment diagram represents the distribution of bending moments along a structural member that varies linearly. The moment gradually increases or decreases as you move along the member. For example, the moment diagram for a simply supported beam subjected to a uniform load will have a linear distribution of moments with maximum moment at the center and zero moments at the supports. A uniformly distributed load diagram represents a load that is evenly distributed along the entire length of a structural member. The load has the same magnitude at any point along the member. For example, a beam supporting a floor with a uniform load per unit length (such as weight of the floor and furniture) will have a uniformly distributed load diagram.

Answer 59

the most likely to cause galvanic corrosion (Electrolysis) because the two metals are the most dissimilar in terms of galvanic compatibility. The correct order, from the least to the most susceptible of causing galvanic corrosion, is as follows: Galvanized Steel / Aluminum Aluminum / Stainless Steel 410 Copper / Brass `Aluminum / Bronze

Answer 60

Polyisocyanurate foam board

Answer 61

Upfeed is direct, downfeed is indirect

Answer 62

In a one-pipe system (i.e., a traditional steam radiator system), it is often difficult to maintain or control temper-ature, especially to the more remote locations. The return of the condensed water relies heavily on gravity. A two-pipe direct return system does improve on the temperature and pressure issue of the one-pipe system for the remote radiators, but the return loop still relies on gravity. A two-pipe reverse return system distributes the fluid to each of the radiators through a continuous system with individual returns from each unit. This results in a longer overall system but with better control than other types of systems. The series perimeter loop system has a continuous loop that is pressurized, and temperature is maintained so that individual radiators can tap into it and be controlled indi-vidually. The series perimeter loop system typically does not use steam, so chilled water for cooling can be used in the warmer seasons. The loop feeds back to the heat (or cooling) source so that individual returns are not needed.

Answer 63

Within internal circulation cores

Answer 64

The stack vent is the portion of the soil stack above the highest plumbing fixture. It serves as a vent for the stack and is open to the outside at the top. A vent stack is a collection of vents from a number of fixtures that share one exterior outlet. A cleanout is an area of the plumbing that can be accessed to clear obstructions from the system. A vacuum breaker is a flap that opens to admit air if there is suction in a water pipe, which prevents siphoning of wastewater back into the clean water supply system.

Answer 65

Round, least friction

Answer 66

Boiler rooms and chilled water plants should be located adjacent to one another when possible; in some buildings, the two functions are placed in the same room. It is imperative that the rooms each have at least one exterior wall to permit access to fuel tanks that may be located outside and to allow for adequate ventilation. Recommended ceiling heights vary depending on the type of equipment chosen, but generally 12 ft is the minimum. The rooms should be long and narrow rather than square and sized to best accommodate the equipment. Both boilers and chillers are heavy and require additional structural support. It is often most economical to locate them on the ground floor, but this is not required. They tend to be noisy, so the mechanical rooms should be placed in locations within the building where the noise will not disrupt critical tasks. Soundproofing techniques should also be integrated to acoustically separate the mechanical rooms from the occupied spaces.

Answer 67

Area / R-rating x delta T

Answer 68

Concrete. Can also be made with steel, fiberglass, and polyethylene

Answer 69

Volts = current x resistance Power = current^2 x resistance Also Power = volts x current x power factor (%)

Answer 70

Ratio of solar heat gain through a window to the amount of solar radiation striking the window Includes frame of glass and glass spacer. Better than shading coefficient Shading coefficient (SC) is a ratio that measures how much solar heat passes through a glass unit compared to the same amount of heat that passes through clear glass. It's a way to quantify how well a glass unit reduces solar heat gain

Answer 71

Measured by subtracting the base average by the day average. Each degree is a day

Answer 72

2.3’ for rise per psi

Answer 73

Too many conductors carrying too much current in an enclosed area can generate excessive heat. In addition, conductors can be damaged if too many are pulled through a small conduit. For these reasons, the National Electrical Code (NEC) limits the number of conductors permitted in a conduit. The NEC only requires that the ampacity (the current-carrying capacity) of conductors be derated if the number of conductors in a raceway or conduit exceeds three (not counting the neutral conductor). Harmonic currents are only a problem with unconventional electrical loads such as computers, electronic lighting ballasts, and other electronic equipment. When these types of loads are supplied by conductors, the neutral conductor must be counted as one of the three allowable conductors in a conduit before ampacity must be derated. Data wiring is not allowed to be placed in the same conduit as electrical conductors.

Answer 74

A temperature rise detector would not give early warning to the occupants. A gas-sensing detector by itself would not be appropriate for this application. A flame detector responds to infrared radiation given off by flames and may respond too late to give adequate warning. If properly located, either an ionization or photoelectric detector would work. Ionization detectors sound an alarm when they sense the products of combustion. Photoelectric detectors monitor smoke. Either would sound an alarm before a temperature rise detector. A laser beam detector is a type of photoelectric detector and would also be appropriate.

Answer 75

high-pressure sodium lamp generally has the longest life span. A high-pressure sodium bulb can be expected to last around 24,000 hr. A mercury vapor lamp would have a similar life expectancy. The lamp with the shortest life span is the incandescent bulb. It can be expected to last only about 2000 hr. The life span of a fluorescent lamp depends on the way the lamp is operated. The life span is affected not only by how many hours the lamp is on but by how many times the lamp is turned on and off. With typical usage patterns, a life span of about 10,000 hr to 20,000 hr can be expected, depending on the type of lamp and ballast used. Depending on the wattage, a metal halide lamp can also be expected to last from 10,000 hr to 20,000 hr.

Answer 76

NRC (noise reduction coefficient) x area = sabins Add sabins of all surfaces in room to get total reduction

Answer 77

Illuminance = candlepower / distance to wall ^2 Luminance = foot candles x reflectance

Answer 78

Electronic ballasts have many advantages over conventional ballasts. Many annoyances associated with fluorescent lamps, such as humming and flickering, are greatly reduced or eliminated with electronic ballasts. Electronic ballasts permit lamps to be operated at a wider range of temperatures-down to about 0°F-and let lamps be dimmed more easily and economically. In addition, the ballast itself is smaller and lighter in weight and more energy efficient. Existing fixtures with conventional ballasts can be retrofitted with electronic ballasts to realize the advantages of newer technology.

Answer 79

Compared to traditional precast concrete panels, glass-fiber-reinforced concrete (GFRC) panels are thinner and lighter in weight, leading to a reduced load on the structural frame of a building. As a result, the structural elements are smaller in size, and the structural system is more economical. GFRC panels are often attached to a welded steel frame and can be produced in different colors and textures. GFRC panels do not require any steel reinforcement. The glass fibers in these panels provide a sufficient strength to resist tension stresses.

Answer 80

Pivoting window

Answer 81

Linoleum can have a low carbon footprint because it's made from natural materials and can be produced using renewable energy. Some linoleum products are designed to be carbon negative, meaning they remove more carbon from the atmosphere than they produce

Answer 82

The speed, dimensions, and passenger capacity of moving walks and ramps are not largely standardized but are typically adapted to the specific needs of the site. The maximum length of moving walks and ramps is more than 500 ft. Nowadays, 1000 ft is considered to be the maximum length for moving walks and ramps. For moving ramps, the general range of the incline angle is 0 to 15°

Answer 83

A two-way concrete system is somewhat square in shape and reinforced for bending moment in both the short and long directions. In a one-way slab, the reinforcement is placed for bending moment in the short direction, while the long direction is reinforced at a minimum ratio for temperature/ shrinkage stresses.

Answer 84

Storage. 250psf Resi. 40psf Commercial. 100psd

Answer 85

Prevents sliding

Answer 86

Tension top, compression bottom

Answer 87

Excessive beam deflection is visually disturbing and might give the impression that the beam is not safe when it is. An excessive deflection could also damage adjacent building materials, breaking windows or cracking partitions and suspended plaster ceilings. A beam can have a large deflection and still be safe in bending and shear. The deflection limits recommended by building codes and standards are often calculated as a percentage of the span. For instance, a limitation of ½40 or ½00 of the span length, calculated under the total load applied on the beam including all dead and live loads, is often recommended for steel beams so that their appearance is not disturbing. For beams and girders supporting plastered ceilings, a limitation of ½60 of the span length, calculated under live load only, is often recommended. This last limitation is explicit in the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, and is frequently used as a guide to whether plaster ceilings are used or not.

Answer 88

Min depth 8” 1” non shrink grout at base of column to allow leveling L shaped anchor bolt

Answer 89

The minimum required skin frictional area is Pressure supported / the frictional resistance of pile

Answer 90

Increase by depth Specified by code Clay has higher capacity than silt Coarse grain has higher capacity The design value of soil bearing is often given on project drawings

Answer 91

Subject to shear. Do not work in tension and compression. Fillet welds are represented by a triangular symbol. The size of the weld is indicated on the left side of the symbol before the vertical side. The vertical leg of the symbol is always placed to the left. Groove welds work in tension and compression Groove welding is used to create a beveled opening in a weld joint before welding to achieve the necessary penetration. The process of creating the bevels is known as groove machining, and welding the beveled surfaces together is known as groove welding.

Answer 92

Between 34” and 38”

Answer 93

According to ACI 318, the maximum spacing between lateral ties of a reinforced concrete column should be the least of the following three dimensions: 16 times the reinforcing bar diameter, 48 times the tie diameter, or the least dimension of the column.

Answer 94

Length (x 12 for inches) / 10 = thickness needed in inches

Answer 95

Shaft enclosures are constructed as fire barriers. Openings and penetrations are not allowed except those that serve the shaft. Shaft enclosures are built of materials permitted by the building type of construction. The IBC provides continuity provisions regarding shaft enclosure The International Building Code stipulates that a shaft enclosure connecting four stories or more must have a fire resistance of no less than 2 hours and not less than the rating of the floor penetrated. The IBC also stipulates that a shaft enclosure connecting three must have a fire resistance of no less than 1 hour and not less than the rating of the floor pene-trated.

Answer 96

Smoke barriers are designed and constructed to restrict the movement of smoke. Smoke barriers can be mounted vertically or horizontally. Smoke barriers are mostly required in hospitals and healthcare facilities. Smoke barriers must be constructed of materials permitted by the type of construction of the building. According to the International Building Code, smoke barriers must generally have a minimum of 1-hour fire resistance (though an exception is made for smoke barriers in Group I-3 buildings constructed of steel at least 0.1 in thick). Smoke barriers can consist of a wall, floor, or ceiling assembly

Answer 97

ASTM A242 is a corrosion-resistant, high-strength, low-alloy steel. Corrosion-resistant structural steels offer some protection against corrosion and are often used in outdoor structures or elements that are exposed to weather. ASTM A36 and ASTM A500 are carbon steels. ASTM A572 is a high-strength, low-alloy steel, but it is not corrosion resistant. ASTM A500 and ASTM A847 are the two steels on the list that are used to fabricate hollow structural sections.

Answer 98

The best way to improve the transmission loss is to add mass and resiliency to the partition. This can be accomplished economically by adding extra gypsum board and mounting one layer on resilient channels. Sound-absorbing panels would not affect the transmission loss; they would only affect the noise reduction in the room on the side where the panels were installed. Removing the wall finish would not be the most economical method for the results obtained by adding insulation and then replacing new wallboard over sound-deadening board. Adding the extra mass of three layers of gypsum board would not be as effective as using resilient channels with two additional layers of gypsum board

Answer 99

One diagonal brace is normally designed to be stressed in tension, while the other is not stressed. This is done to minimize costs. Diagonal braces are not designed to work in compression. By designing diagonal members as tension members instead of compression members, their size and cost are minimized. X-bracing is a common type of lateral bracing for tall structures. Bracing is often placed at the center of the structural framing, such as around the building's central core. When a wind load hits a building from one side, one of the braces acts in tension and the other one is not stressed. When the wind direction is reversed, the brace that works in tension is reversed accordingly and the other is not stressed.

Answer 100

thickness of the steel deck size of welds and other connections between deck and framing spacing of welds and other connections between deck and framing presence of concrete topping

Answer 101

The IBC requires that a certain arbitrary amount of accidental torsion be considered in a design, even if the building is symmetrical for to allow for nonuniform vertical loading to allow for asymmetrical floor openings to allow for eccentricity in rigidity due to non-structural elements and seismic ground motion to allow for the fact that positions of loads in an occupied building cannot be exactly determined The accidental torsion is not related to either the overturning moment or drift. The code requires that the mass at each level of the building be assumed to be displaced in each direction a distance equal to 5% of the building dimension at that level in the direction perpendicular to the direction of the force.

Answer 102

Intermediate moment-resisting frames are generally not permitted in seismic design categories D, E, or F. However, steel intermediate moment-resisting frames with heights up to 35 ft can be used in category D. The design requirements of the intermediate moment-resisting frames are less stringent compared to the special moment-resist-ing frames. The latter type must be ductile and must satisfy certain provisions of the IBC.

Answer 103

**Ordinary Moment Frame (OMF)** Ordinary Moment Frames (OMFs) are commonly used in steel buildings where moderate seismic performance is acceptable. These frames are designed to resist bending moments, shear forces, and axial loads, providing the necessary stability for a variety of building types. Design Simplicity: - OMFs are relatively straightforward to design and construct, making them a cost-effective choice for many projects. They do not require extensive detailing or reinforcement, which simplifies the fabrication process. 2. Moderate Seismic Performance: - OMFs are suitable for regions with low to moderate seismic activity. They provide adequate resistance to seismic forces but do not perform as well as Special Moment Frames in high-seismic zones. 3. Flexibility in Application: - These frames are versatile and can be used in various building types, including low-rise and mid-rise steel buildings. They are often used in structures where the risk of significant seismic events is low. **Intermediate Moment Frame (IMF)** Intermediate Moment Frames (IMFs) provide a balance between OMFs and SMFs in terms of seismic performance and design complexity. They are designed to offer improved seismic resistance compared to OMFs while being less stringent than SMFs. 1. Moderate Seismic Performance: - IMFs are designed to perform better than OMFs under seismic loading conditions. They are suitable for regions with moderate seismic activity. 2. Enhanced Detailing: - The design and detailing requirements for IMFs are more rigorous than OMFs but less stringent than SMFs, providing a balanced approach to seismic design. 3. Versatility: - IMFs can be used in various types of steel buildings, offering flexibility in design and application **Special Moment Frame (SMF)** Special Moment Frames (SMFs) are designed to provide enhanced seismic performance, making them ideal for regions prone to high seismic activity. These frames undergo rigorous design and detailing processes to ensure they can absorb and dissipate significant seismic energy. 1. Enhanced Seismic Performance: - SMFs are engineered to perform exceptionally well under severe seismic conditions. They are designed with additional reinforcement and detailing to enhance their ductility and energy dissipation capabilities. 2. Rigorous Design and Detailing: - The design of SMFs involves extensive calculations and strict adherence to building codes such as AISC 341 and ASCE 7. This ensures that the frame can withstand large inelastic deformations during an earthquake. 3. High Ductility and Strength: - SMFs can undergo substantial deformations without losing their load-carrying capacity. This high ductility is crucial for maintaining the integrity of steel buildings during seismic events.

Answer 104

Mullions are members that separate large sections of glass, whereas muntins are the framing that separates individual panes of glass. Stiles are vertical members of doors, and rails are horizontal members of doors.

Answer 105

Unisex toilet rooms are required by the International Building Code (IBC) where there are more than six sepa-rate-sex water closets required, and half of those provided (at least one) must be accessible, so in this scenario, the answer is three. The fixtures provided in these rooms may count toward the total fixture requirement. Single-user toilet rooms are preferred by many for privacy and conven-ience. They are particularly useful in areas where there are lots of children because they make it possible for a parent to accompany a child of the opposite sex to the restroom.

Answer 106

According to the International Building Code (IBC), the minimum depth, x, required for a hearth is 16 in from the face of the fireplace. However, if the fireplace opening is 6 ft? or greater, the requirement is increased to 20 in. The opening of the fireplace shown is 3 ft X 2 ft or 6 ft. The hearth must extend at least 12 in on either side of the fireplace opening,

Answer 107

**Polymer-modified (PM)** mineral-based systems have high impact resistance and provide good insulation. They consist of a base and finish coat of synthetic stucco applied over extruded polystyrene (XPS) insulation board. **Polymer-based (PB)** systems are made up of a very thin base coat of portland cement and polymer over fiberglass mesh with a thin finish coat of polymer-based synthetic stucco over expanded polystyrene (EPS) insulation board, They are lighter in weight than PM systems, but because their plaster coats are so thin, they do not resist impact well. **Mineral-based (MB)** systems are basically conventional three-coat portland cement stucco systems. They are very impact resistant, but since the stucco is not applied over an insulation board, the system does not offer the insulation of PB and PM systems.

Answer 108

Vitrification is a process of applying heat to a tile to fuse the material and make it denser. Denser tile permits less water to be absorbed. Specifying the level of vitrification is a way of classifying tile based upon its moisture absorption rate. nonvitreous - 7% to 15% absorption semivitreous - 3% to 7% absorption vitreous - 0.05% to 3% absorption impervious - almost no absorption (less than 0.05%)

Answer 109

Ball-bearing hinges are always required

Answer 110

The Gypsum Association publishes Recommended Levels of Gypsum Board Finish, which gives six levels of finish. One requirement for these levels is the number of coats of joint compound used. The levels are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Level 0 requires no taping, finish, or accessories, while Level 5 requires three coats of joint compound over joints and fastener heads, as well as a final skim coat over the entire surface of the wall.

Answer 111

Firestops are materials or systems of materials that are used to seal penetrations through fire walls or smoke bar-riers. They are always noncombustible and may be factory built or constructed in the field. Depending on the wall type and application, mortar, mineral wool, or silicone foam would be acceptable for use as a firestop. Draftstops also prevent the passage of fire and smoke but can be made of combustible materials such as treated wood blocking. They are placed between floors and at concealed spaces.

Answer 112

the need for a change order during construction to account for modifications required to correct discrepancies in the two documents a delay in construction an increase in cost because the contractor bid the least expensive choice between two conflicting requirements when the client wanted the more expensive option the architect being held financially responsible for the omission

Answer 113

About 1% to 1.5%

Answer 114

15% for mechanical and 15% for electrical for large office building For smaller office building 10% for each

Answer 115

Should be at same depth because soil next to existing is backfill can step up to frost line after that at a rate of one foot vertical to two feet horizontal Footing depth is determined by design requirements, soil capacity and frost depth

Answer 116

**Transverse reinforcement** Tie continuous rebar together - help with shear stress -provide buckling restraint - concrete confinement **L shaped rebar** Commonly called dowels. No. 4 bars at least 16” long and connect cmu wall to foundation **Pegs** Rebar pegs, also known as rebar stakes, are used to secure objects in the ground. They can be used for a variety of purposes, including securing fences, tents, and other outdoor equipment. **Pins** structural components used in construction to reinforce vertical masonry walls, particularly those made of cinder blocks. These pins consist of steel rods inserted vertically into the hollow cores of cinder blocks during the construction process. *made with fiberglass **Bolts** Foundations: Rebar bolts are used to anchor concrete or steel structures into concrete foundations. Long anchors: Used for splicing Short anchors: Used for anchoring into foundations

Answer 117

It provides a waterproof membrane to direct water in the soil to weeps in the retaining wall. This reduces the hydraulic pressure behind the wall. A geogrid is a synthetic membrane made of a polymer such as polyester. It is used to reinforce soils behind retaining walls as well as in subbases of roads. Soils tend to fall apart in tension. The soil behind the retaining wall creates a horizontal pressure on the wall itself, which is amplified by the height of the wall. The geogrid is strong in tension and takes the "pulling" load of the wall and transfers these forces to a larger area of soil, which holds the grid due to gravity.

Answer 118

Should be no more than 6’ on center and be no more than 12” from walls end

Answer 119

3” from sides and 6” above in footings

Answer 120

Layer of soil behind retaining wall at the top minimizes water infiltration behind wall

Answer 121

Max 15’ to 20’

Answer 122

Multiply load (live + dead) x tributary area

Answer 123

1000 lbs = 1 kip

Answer 124

1 ton = 12,000 BTU/hr

Answer 125

Sensible heat = heat that can be felt Latent heat = heat required to change a material state

Answer 126

65F - 70F = typical comfort zone during winter 70F - 80F = typical comfort zone during summer 30% - 60% = tolerable humidity 70% + = uncomfortable Generally high humidity at lower temperature is more tolerable than at higher temperatures